TRD-UP (n = 100) | BP-I (n = 52) | BP-II (n = 42) | Statistics | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) (Mean ± SD) | 46.5 ± 13.3 | 39.7 ± 15.2+ | 41.7 ± 13.2 | F2,191 = 4.6, p = 0.011 |
Ratio of Males: Females | 41:59 | 21:31 | 16:26 | χ2 = 0.11, p = 0.949 |
Patients≤65 years of age | 90 (90%) | 49 (94%) | 42 (100%) | χ2 = 4.83, p = 0.089 |
Marital status | 41 (41%) | 8 (15%) *** | 7 (17%) *** | χ2 = 14.81, p = 0.001 |
Unemployed/Disability sick leave | 74 (74%) | 42 (80%) | 20 (48%)* **,### | χ2 = 13.67, p = 0.001 |
Age of first major depressive episode (Mean ± SD) | 37.7 ± 15.3 | 28.9 ± 10.1+++ | 23.2 ± 8.6+++ | F2,191 = 21.0, p < 0.001 |
Early onset of major depressive episodes(< 25) | 29 (29%) | 30 (58%) *** | 22 (53%) *** | χ2 = 14.07, p = 0.001 |
Age of first psychiatric consultation (Mean ± SD) | 35.9 ± 15.2 | 24.2 ± 10.5+++ | 25.9 ± 11.2+++ | F2,191 = 16.8, p < 0.001 |
Age of first psychiatric hospitalization (Mean ± SD) | 40.1 ± 15.0 | 28.1 ± 11.7+++ | 31.3 ± 12.6+ | F2,123 = 10.0, p < 0.001 |
Patients with recurrent depression (> 3) | 39 (39%) | 27 (52%) | 20 (48%) | χ2 = 2.55, p = 0.279 |
Duration of illness-current episode (years) (Mean ± SD) | 11.2 ± 10.4 | 12.2 ± 11.6 | 16.7 ± 12.2 | F2,191 = 2.6, p = 0.075 |
Patients with comorbid substance use | 27 (27%) | 20 (39%) | 12 (29%) | χ2 = 2.21, p = 0.331 |
History of Alcohol use | 9 (9%) | 6 (12%) | 10 (24%) | χ2 = 5.89, p = 0.053 |
History of Cannabis use | 6 (6%) | 11 (21%) | 8 (19%) | χ2 = 8.81, p = 0.012 |
History of Cocaine use | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (5%) | χ2 = 0.63, p = 0.730 |
Number of Failed pharmacotherapies (Mean ± SD) | 3.6 ± 2.6 | 5.0 ± 2.5++ | 5.6 ± 2.8+++ | F2,191 = 9.9, p < 0.001 |
Failed antidepressant trials (Mean ± SD) | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 1.35 ± 1.4++ | 2.0 ± 1.4 | F2,191 = 5.4, p = 0.005 |
Failed SGA (Mean ± SD) | 0.65 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 1.1+++ | 1.4 ± 1.2+++ | F2,191 = 30.2, p < 0.001 |
Failed Mood stabilizers (Mean ± SD) | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.8+++ | 1.4 ± 1.0+++ | F2,191 = 37.5, p < 0.001 |
Patients currently having psychotherapy | 41 (41%) | 43 (83%) *** | 35 (83%) *** | χ2 = 36.01, p < 0.001 |
Number of hospitalizations for depression since 1st episode | ||||
None | 56 (56%) | 1 (2%) *** | 14 (33%) ***, ### | χ2 = 43.36, p < 0.001 |
> one | 20 (20%) | 39 (75%) *** | 21 (50%) *** | χ2 = 44.41, p < 0.001 |
Patients with 1st degree relative with affective illness | 51 (51%) | 31 (60%) | 32 (76%)* | χ2 = 7.76, p = 0.021 |
Patients with Anxiety disorders | 61 (61%) | 9 (17%) *** | 13 (31%) *** | χ2 = 29.74, p < 0.001 |
Patients with Panic disorders | 19 (19%) | 2 (4%) ** | 1 (2%) ** | χ2 = 12.09, p = 0.002 |
Patients with Melancholic symptoms | 74 (74%) | 22 (42%) *** | 18 (42%) *** | χ2 = 19.77, p < 0.001 |
Patients with Atypical symptoms | 14 (14%) | 11 (21%) | 14 (33%)* | χ2 = 6.93, p = 0.031 |
Patients with suicidal attempts | 23 (23%) | 17 (33%) | 25 (60%) ***,## | χ2 = 17.73, p < 0.001 |
History of MDE with psychotic symptoms | 24 (24%) | 16 (31%) | 4 (10%) | χ2 = 6.18, p = 0.045 |
Patients with Personality disorders (Axis II in DSM-IV) | 44 (44%) | 26 (50%) | 19 (45%) | χ2 = 0.50, p = 0.777 |
Cluster A | 7 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | χ2 = 4.65, p = 0.098 |
Cluster B | 19 (19%) | 6 (12%) | 10 (24%) | χ2 = 2.49, p = 0.287 |
Cluster C | 25 (25%) | 1 (2%) *** | 4 (10%) *** | χ2 = 15.38, p < 0.001 |
Patients with Medical condition potentially relevant to treatment (Axis III in DSM-IV) | ||||
Autoimmune diseases | 11 (11%) | 2 (4%) | 0 (0%) | χ2 = 6.65, p = 0.036 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 25 (25%) | 10 (20%) | 8 (19%) | χ2 = 0.96, p = 0.618 |
Chronic pain disorders | 25 (25%) | 8 (15%) | 7 (17%) | χ2 = 2.44, p = 0.295 |
Neurological conditions | 13 (13%) | 3 (6%) | 2 (5%) | χ2 = 3.42, p = 0.181 |
Metabolic disorder | 19 (19%) | 20 (38%)* | 12 (29%) | χ2 = 6.83, p = 0.033 |
Depression severity (Mean ± SD) | ||||
MADRS | 30.8 ± 8.9 | 22.2 ± 6.7+++ | 24.3 ± 7.2+++ | F2,191 = 22.7, p < 0.001 |
HAMD-17 | 23.2 ± 6.2 | 16.7 ± 4.7+++ | 17.3 ± 4.5+++ | F2,191 = 30.8, p < 0.001 |
QIDS | 15.8 ± 4.2 | 12.1 ± 3.7+++ | 13.4 ± 4.0** | F2,191 = 15.4, p < 0.001 |
CGI-S | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.3++ | 4.3 ± 1.1++ | F2,191 = 8.8, p < 0.001 |
GAF | 55.5 ± 10.2 | 60.9 ± 4.4+++ | 60.3 ± 4.9++ | F2,191 = 11.7, p < 0.001 |