| Total, n (%) | Type of disorder, n (%) | Agent, na (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | BPAD 1/SZD | BPAD2/ Other | Doctor | Patient | |
Episodes, n | 561 | 253 | 308 | 225 | 334 |
Psychiatric reasons | |||||
 Total | 249 (44.4) | 97 (38.3) | 152 (49.4)** | 81 (36.0) | 167 (50.0)** |
 Non-adherence | 121 (21.6) | 65 (25.7) | 56 (18.2)* | 26 (11.6) | 95 (28.4)*** |
  Fear for adverse effects | 17 (3.0) | 6 (2.4) | 11 (3.6) | 2 (0.9) | 15 (4.5)* |
  Not agreeing with diagnosis | 6 (1.1) | 5 (2.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 6 (1.8)* |
  Refusing medication | 34 (6.1) | 23 (9.1) | 11 (3.6)** | 0 (0) | 34 (10.2)*** |
  Feeling subjectively well | 26 (4.6) | 12 (4.7) | 14 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 26 (7.8)*** |
  Not adhering to monitoring | 38 (6.8) | 19 (7.5) | 19 (6.2) | 24 (10.7) | 14 (4.2)** |
 Perceived or actual lack of effectiveness | 116 (20.7) | 25 (9.9) | 91 (29.5)*** | 46 (20.4) | 69 (20.7) |
 Intentional Li intoxication | 5 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.6)* | 5 (2.2) | 0 (0)** |
 Other reasonsb | 22 (3.9) | 13 (5.1) | 9 (2.9) | 11 (4.9) | 11 (3.3) |
Physical health reasons | |||||
 Total | 68 (12.1) | 36 (14.2) | 31 (10.1) | 53 (23.6) | 17 (4.2)*** |
 Unintentional Li intoxication | 11 (2.0) | 6 (2.4) | 5 (1.6) | 10 (4.4) | 1 (0.3)** |
 Increase of Li concentration | 30 (5.3) | 19 (7.5) | 11 (3.6)* | 28 (12.4) | 2 (0.6)*** |
 Pregnancy or planned pregnancy | 15 (2.7) | 5 (2.0) | 10 (3.2) | 5 (2.2) | 10 (3.0) |
 Physical health problemc | 12 (2.1) | 6 (2.4) | 6 (1.9) | 11 (4.9) | 1 (0.3)*** |
Adverse effects | |||||
 Total | 350 (62.4) | 164 (64.8) | 186 (60.4) | 142 (63.1) | 207 (62.0) |
Kidneys and urinary tract | |||||
  Creatinine increase, Li-nephropathy | 51 (9.1) | 37 (14.6) | 14 (4.5)*** | 44 (19.6) | 7 (2.1)*** |
  Nephrogenic DI, polyuria, polydipsia | 52 (9.3) | 27 (10.7) | 25 (8.1) | 25 (11.1) | 27 (8.1) |
Endocrine system | |||||
 TSH increase, hypothyroidism | 11 (2.0) | 4 (1.6) | 7 (2.3) | 6 (2.7) | 5 (1.5) |
CNS | |||||
 Tremor | 61 (10.9) | 32 (12.6) | 29 (9.4) | 27 (12.0) | 34 (10.2) |
 Dizziness | 12 (2.1) | 4 (1.6) | 8 (2.6) | 6 (2.7) | 6 (1.8) |
 Headache | 8 (1.4) | 1 (0.4) | 7 (2.3) | 2 (0.9) | 6 (1.8) |
 Restless legs | 5 (0.9) | 2 (0.8) | 3 (1.0) | 2 (0.9) | 3 (0.9) |
Psychological adverse effects | |||||
 Emotional blunting | 31 (5.5) | 9 (3.6) | 22 (7.1) | 2 (0.9) | 29 (8.7)*** |
 Irritability/anxiety | 12 (2.1) | 2 (0.8) | 10 (3.2)* | 4 (1.8) | 8 (2.4) |
 Other, not specified | 20 (3.6) | 7 (2.8) | 13 (4.2) | 5 (2.2) | 15 (4.5) |
Cognitive adverse effects | |||||
 Fatigue | 30 (5.3) | 11 (4.3) | 19 (6.2) | 13 (5.8) | 17 (5.1) |
 Imoaired concentration | 17 (3.0) | 3 (1.2) | 14 (4.5)* | 11 (4.9) | 6 (1.8)* |
 Impaired memory | 8 (1.4) | 1 (0.4) | 7 (2.3) | 6 (2.7) | 2 (0.6)* |
Gastrointestinal tract | |||||
 Diarrhoea | 71 (12.7) | 33 (13.0) | 38 (12.3) | 21 (9.3) | 50 (15.0)* |
 Nausea | 24 (4.3) | 6 (2.4) | 18 (5.8)* | 7 (3.1) | 17 (5.1) |
 Stomach ache | 10 (1.8) | 4 (1.6) | 6 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 10 (3.0)** |
 Other, not specified | 7 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 5 (1.6) | 2 (0.8) | 5 (1.6) |
Skin | |||||
 Psoriasis | 10 (1.8) | 6 (2.4) | 4 (1.3) | 6 (2.7) | 4 (1.2) |
 Acne | 8 (1.4) | 4 (1.6) | 4 (1.3) | 3 (1.3) | 5 (1.5) |
Other | |||||
 Weight gain | 41 (7.3) | 19 (7.5) | 22 (7.1) | 12 (5.3) | 29 (8.7) |
 Edema | 19 (3.4) | 10 (4.0) | 9 (2.9) | 8 (3.6) | 10 (3.0) |
 Muscle weakness | 13 (2.3) | 6 (2.4) | 7 (2.3) | 7 (3.1) | 6 (1.8) |
 Xerostomia | 5 (0.9) | 2 (0.8) | 3 (1.0) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (1.2) |
 Other adverse effectsb | 64 (11.4) | 29 (11.5) | 35 (11.4) | 27 (12.0) | 37 (11.1) |