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Table 2 Study factors and postnatal depressive symptoms of mothers from South Western Sydney and Sydney Local Health Districts in 2014 (N = 17,564)

From: Determinants of antenatal depression and postnatal depression in Australia

 

Complete cases

Multiple imputation a

Outcome

Participants

cases

%

Unadjusted OR (95%CI)

P value

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

P value

Unadjusted OR (95%CI)

P value

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

P value

Postnatal depressive symptoms

12,757

425

3.3

        

Maternal age group

 20–34 years

8605

291

3.4

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

  > 35 years

3170

101

3.2

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

0.638

0.8 (0.6–1.2)

0.422

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

0.002

0.7 (0.8–0.9)

< 0.001

  < 20 years

228

8

3.5

1.0 (0.5–2.1)

0.936

1.3 (0.5–3.)

0.525

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

0.094

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.862

Socio-economic status

         

 Low

4964

211

4.3

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.00

 

1.0

 

 Medium

5877

162

2.8

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

< 0.001

0.7 (0.5–0.9)

0.010

0.6 (0.6–0.7)

< 0.001

0.7 (0.7–0.8)

< 0.001

 High

1559

36

2.3

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

0.001

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.025

0.5 (0.4–0.5)

< 0.001

0.5 (0.5–0.6)

< 0.001

Antenatal depressive symptoms

 EPDS < 13

9405

225

2.4

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.00

 

1.0

 

 EPDS ≥13

628

97

15.5

8.5 (6.5–11.0)

< 0.001

6.7 (4.9–9.3)

< 0.001

8.5 (8.2–8.8)

< 0.001

6.9 (6.6–7.2)

< 0.001

CALD group

 No

6031

162

2.7

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Yes

6005

252

4.2

1.6 (1.3–1.9)

< 0.001

1.5 (1.1–2.0)

0.002

1.4 (1.4–1.5)

< 0.001

1.3 (1.2–1.4)

< 0.001

Supportive Partner

 Yes

10,131

299

3.0

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.00

 

 No/unsure

103

36

10.9

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

0.973

3.1 (2.0–4.9)

< 0.001

3.8 (3.6–4.0)

< 0.001

2.9 (2.7–3.2)

< 0.001

Antenatal health problems

 No

8566

256

3.0

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Yes

3177

123

3.9

1.3 (1.0–1.6)

0.400

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.287

1.3 (1.2–1.3)

< 0.001

1.2 (1.2–1.3)

< 0.001

Physical intimate partner violence

 No

10,339

329

3.1

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Yes

137

11

8.0

2.8 (1.5–5.3)

0.001

0.9 (0.3–2.3)

0.864

3.2 (2.9–3.5)

< 0.001

1.5 (1.3–1.7)

< 0.001

Psychological intimate partner violence

 No

10,196

317

3.1

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Yes

102

15

14.7

5.5 (3.1–9.6)

< 0.001

5.3 (2.5–11.0)

< 0.001

5.7 (5.3–6.2)

< 0.001

4.6 (4.1–5.1)

< 0.001

Type of delivery b

 Normal vaginal

7865

219

2.8

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Assisted vaginal

1408

55

3.9

1.4 (1.0–1.9)

0.014

1.3 (0.8–2.0)

0.166

1.2 (1.2–1.3)

< 0.001

1.3 (1.2–1.4)

< 0.001

 Caesarean section

3448

151

4.4

1.6 (1.3–2.0)

< 0.001

1.7 (1.3–2.3)

< 0.001

1.4 (1.4–1.5)

< 0.001

1.4 (1.3–1.5)

< 0.001

  1. Information on maternal age, supportive partner, physical and psychological intimate partner violence, socio-economic status, antenatal depressive symptoms, CALD and antenatal health problems were collected during the antenatal period
  2. CALD culturally and linguistically diverse
  3. a Sensitivity analyses following multiple imputations for missing values
  4. b Information on the type of delivery was collected soon after birth; and data on postnatal depressive symptoms were collected within the first six weeks post-birth. Multivariate model adjusted for variables with p-value < 0.1 in univariate analysis. The variables include maternal age, antenatal depressive symptoms, socioeconomic status, CALD, supportive partner, history of physical intimate partner violence, antenatal health problems, history of fear of partner/ex-partner and type of delivery
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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