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Table 2 Estimates of annual resource use and costs in 321 children and adolescents with ADHD

From: Health care and societal costs of the management of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Spain: a descriptive analysis

Costs

 

Use of resource

Mean cost in € (SD)

Percentage of total cost

Direct medical costs

Visits to health services, mean (SD); median (P25, P75)

 

703.40 (785.64)

12.3%

 

 Primary care center

3.3 (5.8); 2 (0, 4)

  
 

 Psychiatrist

5.02 (6.0); 4 (2, 6)

  
 

 Another specialist a

1.59 (3.5); 0 (0, 2)

  
 

Hospital admissions, mean (SD)

 

95.42 (958.49)

1.7%

 

 Visits to emergency departments

0.3 (0.8)

  
 

 Number of admissions

0.01 (0.1)

  
 

 Days admitted

0.02 (0.2)

  
 

 Stays in day hospital

0.54 (6.0)

  
 

Diagnostic tests, mean (SD)

 

98.43 (205.46)

1.7%

 

 Hemogram

0.46 (0.8)

  
 

 Clinical chemistry

0.47 (0.9)

  
 

 Urinalysis

0.16 (0.7)

  
 

 NMR

0.08 (0.4)

  
 

 EEG

0.09 (0.3)

  
 

 ECG

0.2 (0.4)

  
 

 CT scan

0.01 (0.1)

  
 

 Evoked potentials

0.01 (0.1)

  
 

Pharmacotherapy,b n (%)

 

889.77 (674.72)

15.5%

 

 MPH OROS

210 (65.4)

  
 

 MPH pellets

72 (22.4)

  
 

 MPH IR

82 (25.5)

  
 

 Atomoxetine

59 (18.4)

  
 

 Clonidine

3 (0.9)

  
 

 Other

37 (11.5)

  
 

Non-pharmacological treatment, n (%)

 

1561.14 (2768.53)

27.2%

 

 Educational psychologist

120 (37.4)

  
 

 Psychologist

105 (32.7)

  

Direct non-medical costs

Transportation to treatment center,c n (%)

 

101.88 (182.89)

1.8%

 Walking

27 (8.4)

  

 Private car

223 (69.5)

  

 Taxi

2 (0.6)

  

 Public transport

68 (21.2)

  

Total direct costs

  

3450.04 (3370.92)

60.2%

Indirect costs

Caregiving, hours/day, mean (SD)

4.6 (2.5)

1488.16 (5141.73)

26.0%

 

Caregiving, days/week, mean (SD)

4.9 (1.7)

  
 

Sick leave, days, mean (SD)d

 

2.55 (45.7)

<1.0%

 

 Total sick leave

8.5 (2.12)

  
 

 Leave due to ADHD

5 (7.1)

  
 

Time spent at medical visitsd

 

791.89 (625)

13.8%

Total indirect costs

  

2282.60 (5391.28)

39.8%

Total costs

  

5732.64 (7211.39)

100%

  1. aThis includes neuropediatricians, but not psychologists/educational psychologists; bChildren/adolescents were allowed to have more than one pharmacological treatment; cn = 320; dApplied to parents or caregivers of children/adolescents with ADHD
  2. ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CT computerized tomography; ECG electrocardiogram; EEG electroencephalogram; IR immediate release; P25 25th percentile; P75 75th percentile; MPH methylphenidate; NMR nuclear magnetic resonance; SD standard deviation