Measurement invariance testing of the PHQ-9 in a multi-ethnic population in Europe: the HELIUS study

Galenkamp, Henrike; Stronks, Karien; Snijder, Marieke B.; Derks, Eske M.

doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1506-9

BMC Psychiatry

Table 6 Measurement invariance tests regarding gender, by ethnic group

From: Measurement invariance testing of the PHQ-9 in a multi-ethnic population in Europe: the HELIUS study

	Model	Free parameters	χ² (df)	RMSEA	CFI	Reference model	ΔRMSEA	ΔCFI	Difftest χ² (df)
Dutch	1.Configural	60	511.324 (54)*	0.060 (0.056–0.065)	0.980
	2.Metric	52	558.816 (62)*	0.059 (0.054–0.063)	0.979	1	-0.001	-0.001	74.071 (8)*
	3.Strong (scalar)	47	541.627 (67)*	0.055 (0.051–0.060)	0.980	2	-0.004	+0.001	9.856 (5)
	4.Strict	35	533.043 (79)*	0.050 (0.046–0.054)	0.981	3	-0.005	+0.001	37.226 (12)*
South-Asian Surinamese	1.Configural	60	531.086 (54)*	0.073 (0.067–0.078)	0.986
	2.Metric	52	434.464 (62)*	0.060 (0.055–0.065)	0.989	1	-0.013	+0.003	-^a
	3.Strong (scalar)	47	419.900 (67)*	0.056 (0.051–0.061)	0.990	2	-0.004	+0.001	6.543 (5)
	4.Strict	35	354.010 (79)*	0.046 (0.041–0.050)	0.992	3	-0.010	+0.002	14.017 (12)
African Surinamese	1.Configural	60	376.201 (54)*	0.052 (0.047–0.057)	0.987
	2.Metric	52	381.536 (62)*	0.048 (0.044–0.053)	0.987	1	-0.004	0	21.671 (8)*
	3.Strong (scalar)	47	384.213 (67)*	0.046 (0.042–0.051)	0.988	2	-0.002	+0.001	16.726 (5)*
	4.Strict	35	416.210 (79)*	0.044 (0.040–0.048)	0.987	3	-0.002	-0.001	62.928 (12)*
Ghanaians	1.Configural	60	201.246 (54)*	0.047 (0.040–0.054)	0.989
	2.Metric	52	193.254 (62)*	0.042 (0.035–0.048)	0.991	1	-0.005	+0.002	5.186 (8)
	3.Strong (scalar)	47	189.989 (67)*	0.039 (0.032–0.045)	0.991	2	-0.003	0	4.103 (5)
	4.Strict	35	188.652 (79)*	0.034 (0.028–0.040)	0.992	3	-0.005	+0.001	15.131 (12)
Turks	1.Configural	60	746.377 (54)*	0.080 (0.075–0.085)	0.984
	2.Metric	52	647.073 (62)*	0.068 (0.064–0.073)	0.987	1	-0.012	+0.003	- ^a
	3.Strong (scalar)	47	646.230 (67)*	0.066 (0.061–0.070)	0.987	2	-0.002	0	24.344 (5)*
	4.Strict	35	532.908 (79)*	0.053 (0.049–0.058)	0.990	3	-0.013	+0.003	16.122 (12)
Moroccans	1.Configural	60	541.256 (54)*	0.065 (0.060–0.070)	0.990
	2.Metric	52	684.866 (62)*	0.068 (0.064–0.073)	0.987	1	+0.003	-0.003	89.727 (8)*
	3.Strong (scalar)	47	673.573 (67)*	0.065 (0.061–0.069)	0.987	2	-0.003	0	19.178 (5)*
	4.Strict	35	608.601 (79)*	0.056 (0.052–0.060)	0.989	3	-0.009	+0.002	46.250 (12)*

* Significant χ² test or χ² difference test (P < .05) (compared to the reference model)
^aChi square difference test could not be computed

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