Depression differed by midnight cortisol secretion, alexithymia and anxiety between diabetes types: a cross sectional comparison

Table 3 Comparisons between depressed and non-depressed T1D patients and factors associated with depression (self-reported)

		Type 1 diabetes
					Depression (HADS-D ≥ 8 points)
		Depression (HADS-D ≥ 8 p)	No depression (HADS-D < 8 p)	P-value^a	COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR^b (95% CI)	P-value^c
Age (per year)		51 (43, 53)	46 (40, 53)	0.097^d	1.1 (0.99–1.1)	0.094	1.1 (0.98–1.19)	0.14
Diabetes duration (per year)		28 (16, 37)	24 (13, 33)	0.45	1.01 (0.97–1.06)	0.50	–	–
Gender	Men	10 (59)	73 (56)	> 0.99	0.9 (0.3–2.5)	0.81	–	–
Gender	Women	7 (41)	58 (44)	> 0.99	0.9 (0.3–2.5)	0.81	–	–
Alexithymia (TAS-20 ≥ 61 p)		8 (47)	11 (8)	< 0.001	9.7 (3.1–30.2)	0.022	2.7 (0.5–15.8)	0.27
Anxiety (HADS-A ≥ 8 p)		13 (76)	39 (30)	< 0.001	7.7 (2.4–25.0)	0.001	11.0 (2.5–47.7)	0.001
Physical inactivity		3 (18)	8 (6)	0.12	3.2 (0.8–13.4)	0.11	–	–
Smoking		2 (12)	10 (8)	0.63	1.6 (0.3–7.9)	0.58	–	–
High MSC (≥ 9.3 nmol/L)		9 (53)	24 (18)	0.003	5.0 (1.8–14.3)	0.003	4.8 (1.1–20.1)	0.034
HbA1c (>70 mmol/mol (> 8.6%))		10 (59)	28 (21)	0.002	5.3 (1.8–15.1)	0.002	6.4 (1.6–26.0)	0.009
Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²)		1 (6)	15 (12)	0.70	0.5 (0.1–3.9)	0.50	–	–
Antidepressants		4 (24)	8 (6)	0.034	4.7 (1.3–17.9)	0.022	1.2 (0.2–7.3)	0.87
Clinical psychiatric diagnoses		7 (41)	13 (10)	0.002	6.4 (2.1–19.5)	0.001	–	–
Foot complications		8 (50)	20 (16)	0.004	5.2 (1.8–15.6)	0.003	8.5 (1.9–37.4)	0.004
Cardiovascular complications		3 (18)	4 (3)	0.033	6.8 (1.4–33.5)	0.018	2.6 (0.3–22.6)	0.39
Diabetes retinopathy		15 (88)	101 (78)	0.53	2.2 (0.5–10.0)	0.33	–	–

^aFisher’s exact test unless otherwise specified
^bAdjusted odds ratio
^cMultiple regression analysis (Backward: Wald): T1D: n = 141; Hosmer and Lemeshow test 0.571; Nagelkerke R² Square 0.465
^dMann-Whitney U test

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