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Table 2 Associations of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with post-traumatic stress disorder among Nepalese patients with alcohol use disorder

From: Comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder in alcohol use disorder: relationships to demography, drinking and neuroimmune profile

  

Total

No-PTSD

PTSD

  

Variables

 

N = 187

N = 155

N = 32

Statistical value (df)

P-value

Age (years)

mean (SD)

35.5 (10.1)

35.9 (10.4)

33.1 (7.9)

1.40 (178)

0.163

Male sex

n (%)

167 (89.3)

139 (89.7)

28 (87.5)

0.13 (1)

0.717

Urban living

n (%)

101 (56.1)

81 (53.6)

20 (69.0)

2.31 (1)

0.128

Unmarried

n (%)

70 (38.9)

59 (39.1)

11 (37.9)

0.01 (1)

0.908

Higher caste

n (%)

104 (57.8)

92 (60.9)

12 (41.4)

3.81 (1)

0.051

Higher education

n (%)

128 (71.1)

111 (71.6)

22 (68.89

0.11 (1)

0.745

High income

n (%)

104 (66.7)

84 (65.1)

20 (74.1)

0.81 (1)

0.369

Adequate social support

n (%)

129 (68.9)

110 (72.8)

19 (65.5)

0.64 (1)

0.422

Age at onset of habitual drinking (years)

mean (SD)

17.9 (5.7)

17.8 (5.6)

18.3 (6.3)

−0.43 (185)

0.672

Age at peak drinking problem

mean (SD)

34.0 (9.9)

34.6 (10.0)

30.8 (8.7)

2.02 (185)

0.045

Drinking career (years)

mean (SD)

19.9 (9.9)

17.6 (9.9)

14.4 (9.6)

1.70 (179)

0.091

Daily drinking units

mean (SD)

17.6 (14.5)

16.4 (12.4)

22.8 (20.5)

−2.29 (167)

0.024

Number of alcohol withdrawal symptoms

mean (SD)

5.9 (3.7)

5.7 (3.8)

7.2 (3.4)

−2.22 (170)

0.032

Drinking >2 days/week

n (%)

162 (86.6)

136 (87.7)

26 (81.3)

0.97 (1)

0.390

Drinking units/typical day ≥5

n (%)

132 (72.1)

110 (71.0)

22 (68.8)

0.29 (1)

0.802

Guilt/remorse on drinking

n (%)

134 (71.7)

110 (71.0)

24 (75.0)

0.21 (1)

0.645

Eye-opening

n (%)

137 (76.5)

113 (75.3)

24 (82.8)

0.75 (1)

0.388

Alcohol-induced blackouts

n (%)

110 (62.1)

87 (58.8)

23 (79.3)

4.34 (1)

0.037

Alcohol use related police arrests

n (%)

63 (35.0)

51 (33.8)

12 (41.4)

0.62 (1)

0.432

Used alcohol more often than intended

n (%)

148 (82.2)

123 (81.5)

25 (86.2)

0.38 (1)

0.540

Alcohol related physical illnesses

n (%)

119 (65.4)

99 (65.6)

20 (64.5)

0.01 (1)

0.911

Alcohol related psychological illnesses

n (%)

132 (70.6)

16 (50.0)

116 (76.8)

9.45 (1)

0.002

Parental problem drinking

n (%)

68 (37.8)

52 (34.49)

16 (55.2)

4.45 (1)

0.035

Currently smoking (yes)

n (%)

121 (65.1)

100 (64.9)

21 (65.6)

0.01 (1)

0.941

Other substance misuse (ever)

n (%)

58 (31.0)

49 (31.6)

9 (28.1)

0.15 (1)

0.698

Prior treatment relapse

n (%)

40 (21.4)

33 (21.3)

7 (21.9)

0.01 (1)

0.941

Currently distressed

n (%)

49 (27.8)

41 (27.9)

8 (27.6)

0.01 (1)

0.973

Major depression (life time)

n (%)

85 (45.4)

63 (40.9)

22 (68.8)

8.28 (1)

0.004

  1. Test statistics were calculated by Chi-squared test, Student’s t-test or Mann Whitney U–test; significant P-values are given in bold