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Table 4 Results of the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses

From: Economic evaluation of stepped-care versus usual care for depression and anxiety in older adults with vision impairment: randomized controlled trial

Outcome

Analysis

Mean cost difference

(stepped-care – usual care (bootstrapped 95% CI))

Mean change difference

(stepped-care – usual care

(95% CI))

ICER

CE-planea

NE

SE

SW

NW

Disorder

Societal perspective (friction)

−877 (−8039 to 5489)

0.17 (0.06 to 0.29)

−5159

41%

59%

0%

0%

Societal perspective (human capital)

200 (−7035 to 6829)

1176

53%

47%

0%

0%

Healthcare perspective

−1154 (−7708 to 4328)

−6788

37%

63%

0%

0%

CES-D

Societal perspective (friction)

−877 (−8039 to 5489)

2.73 (−0.28 to 5.74)

−321

39%

58%

2%

1%

Societal perspective (human capital)

200 (−7035 to 6829)

73

51%

46%

1%

2%

Healthcare perspective

−1154 (−7708 to 4328)

−423

35%

62%

2%

1%

HADS-A

Societal perspective (friction))

−877 (−8039 to 5489)

1.43 (0.10 to 2.77)

−613

40%

58%

2%

0%

Societal perspective (human capital

200 (−7035 to 6829)

140

52%

46%

1%

1%

Healthcare perspective

−1154 (−7708 to 4328)

−807

36%

63%

1%

0%

QALY

Societal perspective (friction)

−877 (−8039 to 5489)

0.03 (−0.09 to 0.15)

−29,233

25%

45%

14%

16%

Societal perspective (human capital)

200 (−7035 to 6829)

66,667

34%

36%

11%

19%

Healthcare perspective

−1154 (−7708 to 4328)

−38,467

23%

48%

16%

13%

  1. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses were based on: 1) societal perspective and the friction method, 2) societal perspective and the human capital method, and 3) healthcare perspective. CI confidence interval, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety, QALY quality adjusted life year, ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, CE cost-effectiveness, NE north-east quadrant, SE south-east quadrant, SW south-west quadrant, NW north-west quadrant. aEffect estimates for Disorder, CES-D and HADS-A were multiplied by −1 in the CE plane to maintain the usual meaning of the quadrants