Sleep characteristics in child and adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: a case control study

BMC Psychiatry

Table 3 Parental and self-report of offspring sleep characteristics

	OB	CO	p-value
	(N = 42)	(N = 42)	p-value
PSQ, mean (SD)
Breathing problems during sleep	0.2 (0.4)	0.2 (0.6)	0.6^a
Snoring	0.1 (0.2)	0.2 (0.6)	0.1^a
Daytime sleepiness	0.8 (1.1)	0.5 (0.9)	0.2^a
Inattentive/hyperactivity behaviour	1.5 (1.5)	0.9 (1.3)	0.05^a
PSQ, specific items, yes, %
Visible daytime sleepiness	38.5	10.0	0.004^b,c
Feels tired after sleep	43.6	15.0	0.007^b,c
Headaches after wake-up	17.9	2.4	0.03^b,c
Nightmares	21.6	2.4	0.01^b,c
GBISS
Parental version, Total score, mean (SD)	2.3 (3.1)	0.4 (0.9)	0.001^a
Self–assessment, Total score, mean (SD)	4.6 (4.4)	2.5 (2.3)	0.07^a
Circadian phase preference
MEQ, mean (SD)	27.0 (6.4)	30.0 (4.2)	0.047^a

CO control offspring, GBISS General Behavior Inventory Sleep Subscale, MEQ Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, OB high-risk offspring, PSQ Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, SD standard deviation
^aMann–Whitney test;
^bFisher’s exact test
^cnon-significant after adjustment for current psychopathology, medication, and substance use (ordinal and binomial logistic regression)

ISSN: 1471-244X