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Table 1 Prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents in China: subgroup meta-analysis and analysis of heterogeneity

From: Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Characteristics

No.of studies

Event

n

Prevalence (%) (95% CI)

I2 (%)

P value for heterogeneity

Test for subgroup differences

Q

P value

Year of publication

3.10

0.541

 2010 ~ 2015

28

6,417

104,190

6.02 (4.88, 7.72)

98.5

< 0.001

  

 2005 ~ 2009

18

5,510

77,521

7.51 (5.15, 10.27)

99.4

< 0.001

  

 2000 ~ 2004

6

927

19,259

5.62 (4.06, 7.41)

95.0

< 0.001

  

 1990 ~ 1999

10

3,970

59,788

5.63 (3.24, 8.63)

99.5

< 0.001

  

 1983 ~ 1989

5

689

14,744

5.05 (3.72, 6.57)

93.0

< 0.001

  

Geographic location

30.08

< 0.001

 Central China

10

2,165

37,611

6.16 (4.54, 8.02)

97.9

< 0.001

  

 East China

20

3,651

71,968

5.42 (4.54, 6.38)

96.6

< 0.001

  

 Hong Kong/Taiwan

4

1,063

10,607

8.90 (4.47, 14.64)

98.8

< 0.001

  

 North China

6

3,032

32,691

7.47 (3.52, 12.74)

99.5

< 0.001

  

 Northeast

4

1,474

30,542

6.33 (1.36, 14.56)

99.8

< 0.001

  

 Northwest

5

1,001

9,915

9.99 (8.28, 11.83)

88.2

< 0.001

  

 South China

11

4,310

60,569

6.82 (4.85, 9.11)

99.0

< 0.001

  

 Southwest

7

817

21,599

3.49 (1.75, 5.79)

98.4

< 0.001

  

Origin of sample

1.83

0.176

 School

64

16,575

254,711

6.37 (5.43, 7.38)

99

< 0.001

  

 General population

3

938

20,791

4.12 (1.78, 7.38)

98.8

< 0.001

  

Sample size

5.73

0.125

  < 1,000

9

433

5,669

7.65 (5.87, 9.64)

85.7

< 0.001

  

 1,000 ~ 5,000

41

7,164

105,649

6.35 (5.19, 7.61)

98.5

< 0.001

  

 5,001 ~ 10,000

12

4,693

88,338

5.21 (4.24, 6.28)

97.9

< 0.001

  

  > 10,000

5

5,223

75,846

5.83 (1.95. 11.62)

99.9

< 0.001

  

Clinical interview

3.47

0.062

 Yes

39

9,556

163,878

5.47 (4.61, 6.41)

98.4

< 0.001

  

 No

28

7,957

111,624

7.46 (5.60, 9.56)

99.4

< 0.001

  

Diagnostic criteria

0.73

0.695

 DSMa

58

15,964

247,772

6.20 (5.22, 6.68)

99.1

< 0.001

  

 CCMDb

8

1,389

24,960

6.72 (4.39, 9.51)

98

< 0.001

  

 ICDc

1

160

2,770

5.78 (4.94, 6.68)

-

-

  

Source of information

11.96

0.035

 “And rule”

3

2,406

25,618

6.00 (1.99, 9.51)

99.8

< 0.001

  

 Clinicians

39

9,556

163,878

5.47 (4.64, 6.42)

98.4

< 0.001

  

 Parents

16

3,508

60,196

7.29 (4.59, 8.35)

99.3

< 0.001

  

 Teachers

3

292

5,253

6.96 (4.12, 10.48)

93.4

< 0.001

  

 Subjects

3

1,083

11,748

9.43 (3.74, 17.35)

99.7

< 0.001

  

 Unclear

3

668

8,809

8.05 (6.82, 9.39)

63.9

0.063

  

Age of subjects

1.05

0.306

 Children

31

6,631

104,343

5.74 (4.48, 7.14)

98.8

< 0.001

  

 Children and adolescents

36

10,882

171,159

6.72 (5.46, 8.11)

99.2

< 0.001

  

Gender of subjects

4.72

0.030

 Male

56

10,913

132,904

8.17 (6.94, 9.50)

98.6

< 0.001

  

 Female

55

8,519

124,391

6.22 (5.07, 7.48)

98.7

< 0.001

  

Different sub-types

30.7

0.000

 ADHD-I

26

3,183

103,132

3.24 (2.52, 4.04)

97.9

< 0.001

  

 ADHD-HI

26

1,223

103,132

1.16 (0.87, 1.48)

95.1

< 0.001

  

 ADHD-C

26

1,952

103,132

1.71 (1.33, 2.13)

95.9

< 0.001

  
  1. aThe DSM includes the DSM-5, DSM-IV, DSM-III-R and DSM-III; bThe CCMD includes the CCMD-3, CCMD-2-R and CCMD-2; cThe ICD refers to the ICD-9
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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