Skip to main content

Table 2 Total PMH and domain scores across socio-demographic and clinical characteristics

From: Positive mental health in outpatients: comparison within diagnostic groups

 

Total PMH Score

General coping

Emotional support

Spirituality

Interpersonal skills

Personal growth and autonomy

Global affect

 

Mean ± SD

P

Mean ± SD

P

Mean ± SD

P

Mean ± SD

P

Mean ± SD

P

Mean ± SD

P

Mean ± SD

P

Overall Sample

3.93 ± 0.95

 

3.84 ± 1.14

 

3.95 ± 1.33

 

3.98 ± 1.47

 

4.25 ± 1.04

 

3.94 ± 1.15

 

3.67 ± 1.17

 

Age group

 21–39 years

3.79 ± 0.95

0.002

3.65 ± 1.19

0.001

3.92 ± 1.31

0.646

3.74 ± 1.54

0.001

4.16 ± 1.02

0.102

3.70 ± 1.19

<0.001

3.57 ± 1.18

0.075

 40–65 years

4.10 ± 0.91

 

4.04 ± 1.04

 

3.99 ± 1.35

 

4.23 ± 1.35

 

4.34 ± 1.06

 

4.21 ± 1.03

 

3.79 ± 1.15

 

Gender

 Male

3.88 ± 0.94

0.213

3.86 ± 1.13

0.670

3.78 ± 1.35

0.010

3.89 ± 1.49

0.257

4.21 ± 1.06

0.510

3.91 ± 1.14

0.613

3.61 ± 1.16

0.304

 Female

4.00 ± 0.95

 

3.81 ± 1.13

 

4.13 ± 1.29

 

4.07 ± 1.45

 

4.29 ± 1.02

 

3.97 ± 1.15

 

3.73 ± 1.17

 

Ethnicity

 Chinese

3.83 ± 0.92

0.089

3.70 ± 1.11

0.170

4.09 ± 1.30

0.056

3.54 ± 1.54

<0.001a,b

4.24 ± 0.97

0.674

3.79 ± 1.16

0.130

3.64 ± 1.12

0.868

 Malay

4.10 ± 0.93

 

3.96 ± 1.19

 

4.02 ± 1.32

 

4.50 ± 1.23

 

4.32 ± 1.03

 

4.05 ± 1.12

 

3.72 ± 1.12

 

 Indian

3.92 ± 0.98

 

3.89 ± 1.10

 

3.70 ± 1.37

 

4.04 ± 1.42

 

4.20 ± 1.15

 

4.02 ± 1.14

 

3.67 ± 1.27

 

Marital status

 Single

3.84 ± 0.98

0.043c

3.75 ± 1.19

0.289

3.86 ± 1.33

0.005c,d

3.86 ± 1.50

0.236

4.12 ± 1.05

0.013c

3.80 ± 1.19

0.026c

3.67 ± 1.17

0.498

 Married

4.12 ± 0.88

 

3.95 ± 1.07

 

4.28 ± 1.22

 

4.12 ± 1.41

 

4.48 ± 0.95

 

4.15 ± 1.09

 

3.75 ± 1.16

 

 Separated/Divorced/Widowed

3.91 ± 0.89

 

3.92 ± 1.05

 

3.62 ± 1.42

 

4.11 ± 1.46

 

4.27 ± 1.11

 

4.03 ± 1.02

 

3.52 ± 1.18

 

Highest education level

 Some formal/Primary education

3.71 ± 1.09

0.232

3.55 ± 1.13

0.114

3.67 ± 1.42

0.330

1.42 ± 0.23

0.344

3.80 ± 1.29

0.030e

3.80 ± 1.28

0.340

3.66 ± 1.23

0.472

 Secondary/Junior College/Pre U

3.97 ± 0.94

 

3.90 ± 1.15

 

3.93 ± 1.32

 

4.08 ± 1.50

 

4.30 ± 1.02

 

3.98 ± 1.13

 

3.65 ± 1.14

 

 Vocational

4.00 ± 0.90

 

3.86 ± 1.12

 

4.22 ± 1.22

 

3.84 ± 1.46

 

4.22 ± 0.93

 

3.94 ± 1.13

 

3.93 ± 1.16

 

 Tertiary

3.78 ± 0.81

 

3.56 ± 0.97

 

4.03 ± 1.28

 

3.61 ± 1.42

 

4.30 ± 0.90

 

3.71 ± 1.13

 

3.48 ± 1.15

 

 Post Graduate

4.39 ± 1.15

 

4.38 ± 1.37

 

4.41 ± 1.87

 

4.18 ± 1.24

 

4.85 ± 0.95

 

4.54 ± 1.01

 

3.97 ± 1.78

 

Current employment status

 Unemployed

3.85 ± 0.10

0.048

3.70 ± 1.17

0.009

3.87 ± 1.33

0.171

4.01 ± 1.45

0.621

4.08 ± 1.05

<0.001

3.85 ± 1.17

0.076

3.61 ± 1.17

0.201

 Employed

4.05 ± 0.87

 

4.02 ± 1.06

 

4.06 ± 1.32

 

3.93 ± 1.50

 

4.46 ± 0.10

 

4.06 ± 1.10

 

3.76 ± 1.13

 

Diagnostic group

 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

4.24 ± 0.89

<0.001f,g

4.11 ± 1.08

0.001f,g

4.20 ± 1.24

0.001f,h

4.44 ± 1.23

<0.001

4.31 ± 1.06

0.498

4.16 ± 1.09

0.007f

4.23 ± 1.02

<0.001f,g

 Depressive disorders

3.70 ± 0.92

 

3.66 ± 1.10

 

3.62 ± 1.36

 

3.78 ± 1.52

 

4.17 ± 1.07

 

3.75 ± 1.13

 

3.25 ± 1.07

 

 Anxiety disorders

3.80 ± 0.95

 

3.64 ± 1.21

 

4.11 ± 1.31

 

3.49 ± 1.57

 

4.29 ± 0.97

 

3.87 ± 1.21

 

3.41 ± 1.19

 
  1. Significant difference was set at P < 0.05 derived from independent t-test and one way ANOVA test
  2. Bonferroni post hoc test:
  3. aSignificant difference between Malay vs Chinese
  4. bSignificant difference between Indian vs Chinese
  5. cSignificant difference between Married vs Single
  6. dSignificant difference between Married vs Separated/Divorced/Widowed
  7. eSignificant difference between Some formal/Primary education vs Secondary/Junior College/Pre U
  8. fSignificant difference between Depressive disorders vs Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
  9. gSignificant difference between Anxiety disorders vs Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
  10. hSignificant difference between Depressive disorders vs Anxiety disorders