From: Concepts of madness in diverse settings: a qualitative study from the INTREPID project
India | Nigeria | Trinidad | Totals | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Codes | N | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Typical signs | |||||||||
Somatic | disturbances in sleep, appetite & reports of physical problems | 10 | 10 % | 6 | 6 % | 12 | 9 % | 28 | 8 % |
Behavioural | Decline in function | ||||||||
not functioning, being unable to work, poor self care | 11 | 11 % | 16 | 16 % | 17 | 12 % | 44 | 13 % | |
Isolative | |||||||||
withdrawing from interaction | 6 | 6 % | 9 | 9 % | 8 | 6 % | 23 | 7 % | |
Self-harm | |||||||||
deliberately harming oneself, attempting suicide | 4 | 4 % | 4 | 4 % | 6 | 4 % | 14 | 4 % | |
Visibly disturbed (1) | |||||||||
violent, assaultive behaviours | 19 | 19 % | 26 | 25 % | 19 | 13 % | 64 | 19 % | |
Visibly disturbed (2) | |||||||||
being loud, running around, exposing, collecting rubbish | 30 | 29 % | 23 | 23 % | 42 | 30 % | 95 | 28 % | |
Psychological | loss of interest, sadness, guilt, feeling angry, hostile, etc. | 7 | 7 % | 3 | 3 % | 8 | 6 % | 18 | 5 % |
Suspicions | |||||||||
persecutions, referential delusions | 7 | 7 % | 3 | 3 % | 2 | 1 % | 12 | 3 % | |
Thoughts & cognition | |||||||||
bombarded with thoughts, thought of suicide/killing, problems with memory, concentration | 4 | 4 % | 1 | 1 % | 6 | 4 % | 11 | 3 % | |
Hallucinations | |||||||||
hearing voices of persons who are not present | 4 | 4 % | 11 | 11 % | 21 | 15 % | 36 | 10 % | |
Total | 102 | 100 % | 102 | 100 % | 141 | 100 % | 345 | 100 % | |
Causes | Don’t know / Other | 4 | 6 % | 2 | 2 % | 4 | 4 % | 11 | 4 % |
Spiritual/Supernatural | 26 | 38 % | 24 | 25 % | 57 | 46 % | 107 | 37 % | |
Psychological | |||||||||
worry, thinking too much, responses to life events identified as “psychological” | 9 | 13 % | 11 | 11 % | 5 | 4 % | 25 | 9 % | |
Social | |||||||||
individual’s social environment and social experiences, including family relationships, childhood experiences etc. | 12 | 18 % | 17 | 18 % | 24 | 19 % | 53 | 18 % | |
Substance use | 1 | 1 % | 16 | 16 % | 13 | 10 % | 30 | 10 % | |
Biological (including genetic) | 16 | 24 % | 27 | 28 % | 20 | 16 % | 63 | 22 % | |
Total | 68 | 100 % | 97 | 100 % | 124 | 100 % | 289 | 100 % | |
Responses & treatment | Folk | 57 | 45 % | 73 | 52 % | 130 | 53 % | 260 | 51 % |
Professional | 68 | 53 % | 46 | 33 % | 74 | 30 % | 188 | 37 % | |
Popular | 0 | 0 % | 21 | 15 % | 39 | 16 % | 60 | 12 % | |
Total | 125 | 100 % | 140 | 100 % | 243 | 100 % | 508 | 100 % |