Skip to main content

Table 3 Frequency of responses about Typical Signs, Causes, and Responses & Treatment for madness in each site

From: Concepts of madness in diverse settings: a qualitative study from the INTREPID project

  

India

Nigeria

Trinidad

Totals

Codes

N

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Typical signs

Somatic

disturbances in sleep, appetite & reports of physical problems

10

10 %

6

6 %

12

9 %

28

8 %

Behavioural

Decline in function

 not functioning, being unable to work, poor self care

11

11 %

16

16 %

17

12 %

44

13 %

Isolative

 withdrawing from interaction

6

6 %

9

9 %

8

6 %

23

7 %

Self-harm

 deliberately harming oneself, attempting suicide

4

4 %

4

4 %

6

4 %

14

4 %

Visibly disturbed (1)

 violent, assaultive behaviours

19

19 %

26

25 %

19

13 %

64

19 %

Visibly disturbed (2)

 being loud, running around, exposing, collecting rubbish

30

29 %

23

23 %

42

30 %

95

28 %

Psychological

 loss of interest, sadness, guilt, feeling angry, hostile, etc.

7

7 %

3

3 %

8

6 %

18

5 %

Suspicions

 persecutions, referential delusions

7

7 %

3

3 %

2

1 %

12

3 %

Thoughts & cognition

 bombarded with thoughts, thought of suicide/killing, problems with memory, concentration

4

4 %

1

1 %

6

4 %

11

3 %

Hallucinations

 hearing voices of persons who are not present

4

4 %

11

11 %

21

15 %

36

10 %

 

Total

102

100 %

102

100 %

141

100 %

345

100 %

Causes

Don’t know / Other

4

6 %

2

2 %

4

4 %

11

4 %

Spiritual/Supernatural

26

38 %

24

25 %

57

46 %

107

37 %

Psychological

 worry, thinking too much, responses to life events identified as “psychological”

9

13 %

11

11 %

5

4 %

25

9 %

Social

 individual’s social environment and social experiences, including family relationships, childhood experiences etc.

12

18 %

17

18 %

24

19 %

53

18 %

Substance use

1

1 %

16

16 %

13

10 %

30

10 %

Biological (including genetic)

16

24 %

27

28 %

20

16 %

63

22 %

 

Total

68

100 %

97

100 %

124

100 %

289

100 %

Responses & treatment

Folk

57

45 %

73

52 %

130

53 %

260

51 %

Professional

68

53 %

46

33 %

74

30 %

188

37 %

Popular

0

0 %

21

15 %

39

16 %

60

12 %

Total

125

100 %

140

100 %

243

100 %

508

100 %