Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis

From: Insomnia and the risk of depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Study source

Study name

Sex

Insomnia measurement

DSM-IV-TR insomnia criteria satisfied

Depression measurement

Follow-up time (months)

Number of follow-up assessments

Baseline age (years)

No of participants

Covariates

Ford and Kamerow, 1989, USA [9]

National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study

M/F

Diagnostic Interview Schedule

sd§, dur† and day

Diagnostic Interview Schedule

12

1

Range 18+;

mean 45.79

7,954

Age, sex, socioeconomic status, race, and marital status

Brabbins et al., 1993, UK [33]

None

M/F

Geriatric Mental State

sd and dur

Geriatric Mental State

36

1

Range 65+; mean 69.76

701

No covariate adjustment

Breslau et al., 1996, USA [34]

None

M/F

NIHM Diagnostic Interview Schedule

sd and dur

NIHM Diagnostic Interview Schedule

42

1

Range 21–30; mean 26.14

979

Sex, hypersomnia, and number of other depressive symptoms

Chang et al. 1997 USA [18]

Johns Hopkins Precursors Study

M

Habit Survey Questionnaire

sd

Checklists medical reports and self-reports

408

7

Range NA; mean 26.3

941

Age at graduation, class year, parental history of clinical depression, coffee consumption, and measures of temperament

Weissman et al. 1997 USA [10]

National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA)

M/F

Questionnaires

sd and dur

Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS)

12

1

Range 18+; mean 48.23

7,113

Age, sex, and site

Foley et al. 1999 USA [35]

None

M/F

Interview

sd

CES-D

36

3

Range 65+; mean 80.09

6,899

No covariate adjustment

Johnson et al. 2000 USA [36]

None

M/F

1 item from the CBCL

sd and dur

CBCL and TRF

60

1

Range NA; mean 6

717

Sex, birth weight, and mother’s history of MDD using generalized estimation equations

Mallon et al. 2000 Sweden [37]

County of Dalarna registry

M/F

Uppsala Sleep Inventory

sd

HADS

144

1

Range 45–65; mean 55

1,244

Smoking, depression, and insomnia

Roberts et al. 2000 USA [17]

Alameda Country study

M/F

2 Items from the DSM-12D

sd

12 Items from the DSM-12D

12

1

Range 50+; mean 64.9

2,370

Age, sex, marital status, social isolation, education, financial problems, problems with daily activities, and heave drinking

Roberts et al. 2002 USA [38]

None

M/F

Questionnaires

sd, dur and day

Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children

12

1

Range 11–17; mean 15

3,136

Age, values of the functioning measures at baseline, sex, parental education, and insomnia level

Hein et al. 2003 Germany [39]

None

M/F

Composite International Diagnostic Interview

sd

Composite International Diagnostic Interview

60

1

Range 55+; mean 60

664

No covariate adjustment

Perlis et al. 2006 USA [40]

None

M/F

HAMD (sleep items)

sd

SCID and HAMD

12

1

Range 60+; mean 72

147

No covariate adjustment

Morphy et al. 2007 UK [41]

None

M/F

Jenkins Sleep Scale

sd

HADS

12

1

Range 18+; mean 50

1,589

Age, sex, social class, anxiety (except when anxiety is the problem of interest), depression (except when depression is the problem of interest), and pain areas (except when widespread pain is the problem of interest)

Buysse et al. 2008 Switzerland [20]

The Zurich Study

M/F

SPIKE and visual analogue scales

sd, dur and day

SPIKE

240

6

Range NA; mean 19.5

278

Concurrent MDE at the time of insomnia diagnosis

Cho et al. 2008 USA [19]

Depression Substudy

M/F

PSQI

sd, dur and day

SCID and BDI

24

3

Range 60+; mean 69

329

Group status, depression symptoms, medical disease, age, sex, marital status, and education

Jansson-Fröjmark and Lindblom.2008 Sweden [42]

None

M/F

Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaires and Uppsala Sleep Inventory

sd, dur and day

HADS

12

1

Range 20–60; mean 41.3

1,489

Age, sex

Roane and Taylor. 2008 USA [23]

National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health)

M/F

In-home interview

sd and dur

In-home interview

78

1

Range 12–18; mean 16

3,582

Sex

Kim et al. 2009 Korea [21]

Kwangju community study

M/F

Interview

sd, dur and day

Geriatric Mental State

24

1

Range 65+; mean 72.2

792

Age, sex, education, housing, past occupation, current employment, living area, life events, social deficit, physical activity, GMS organicity, GMS anxiety, and daily drinking.

Szklo-Coxe et al. 2010 USA [22]

Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study

M/F

PSG + interview and self-reported symptoms

sd

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

44

1

Range 33–71; mean 53.6

555

Age, sex, chronic health conditions, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, caffeine consumption, use of hypnotic agents, and BMI

Yokoyama et al. 2010 Japan [43]

Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging: (NUJLSOA)

M/F

 

Questionnaire

11-item short form of the CES-D

36

1

Range 69+; mean 73.1

3,065

Age, sex, educational history, place of residence, sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness, discomfort feeling in the legs, subjective sleep sufficiency, psychological stress, self-rated health, and activities of daily living

Jaussent et al. 2011 France [45]

French Three-City Study

M/F

Questionnaire and clinical interview

sd

CES-D

48

2

Range 65+; mean ≥ 60

3,824

Age, center, CES-D baseline, sex, education, living alone, coffee consumption, alcohol consumption, smoking, chronic disease, past major depression, disability, prescribed sleep medication intake, and homeopathic and non-prescription treatments for sleep

Almeida et al. 2011 Australia [44]

Health In Men Study (HIMS)

M

Questionnaire

sd

Medical records (based on ICD-10)

72

1

Range 70+; mean ≥ 60

5,127

Age, education group, migrant status, living alone, low social support group, smoking group, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, chronic respiratory diseases, coronary artery disease, stroke, and cancer

Marques et al. 2011 Portugal [46]

None

F

Interview

sd, dur and day

DSM-IV

5

1

Range 18–44; mean 29.8

382

Negative affect, positive affect, and lifetime depression

Thomée et al. 2011 Sweden [47]

None

M/F

A single item adapted from the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire

sd and dur

Two items from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (Prime-MD)

12

1

Range 20–24; mean < 60

1,455

Relationship status, educational level, and occupation

Okajima et al. 2012 Japan [48]

None

M/F

PSQI

sd, dur and day

CES-D

24

1

Range 20+; mean 57.4

1,577

Age, sex, disease currently treated, habitual alcohol ingestion, smoking habit, and living alone

Salo et al. 2012 Finland [49]

Finnish Public Sector Study

M/F

The 4-item Jenkins Sleep Problem Scale

sd

Health register and medical records

42

1

Range 19–70; mean 43.9

40,791

Age, sex, socioeconomic position, night/shift work, health behaviors, baseline physical health, use of pain killers, psychological distress, and anxiety

Skapinakis et al. 2013 UK [53]

UK National Psychiatric Morbidity survey

M/F

The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R)

sd and dur

The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R)

18

1

Range 16–74; mean 44.75

2,406

Age, sex, marital status, educational qualifications,occupational class, employment status, and other psychological symptoms

Gehrman et al. 2013 USA [51]

Millennium Cohort Study (MCS)

M/F

2 items from PHQ and PCL-C, and questionnaires

sd and dur

PHQ-9

84

2

Range NA; mean 33.1

8,902

Sleep duration, birth year, sex, race/ethnicity, educational level, and marital status

Suh et al. 2013 Korea [54]

Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

M/F

Questionnaire

sd and dur

BDI

72

3

Range 43–73; mean 52.3

1,089

Age, sex, education level, employment status, marital status, physical health, smoking status, heavy drinking, and time interactions with each covariate

Paudel et al. 2013 USA [52]

Prospective Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study

M

PSQI

sd, dur and day

Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)

40.8

1

Range 67+; mean 75.9

2,352

Age, clinic site, baseline GDS score, health status, education, use of benzodiazepines, alcohol consumption, cognitive function, walks for exercise, impairments in activities of daily living and certain medical conditions

Campbell et al. 2013 UK [50]

North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project (NorStOP)

M/F

Jenkins Sleep Questionnaire

sd and dur

HADS

72

2

Range 50+; mean ≥ 60

2,373

Age, sex, marital status, employment status, alcohol intake, smoking status, and BMI

Jackson et al. 2014 Australia [55]

Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, (ALSWH)

F

Questionnaire

None (sleeping difficulties in the last 12 months)

Questionnaire

108

3

Range 22–27; mean < 60

5,702

Education level, body weight dissatisfaction, history of abuse, and binge drinking in 2000

Sivertsen et al. 2014 Norway [56]

Nord-Trøndelag health study HUNT Study (HUNT2 and HUNT3)

M/F

Questionnaire

sd, dur and day

HADS

132

1

Range 19–67; mean 45.3 (HUNT2) Range 20–89; mean 56.1 (HUNT3)

44,270

Age, sex, education, angina, arthrosis, asthma, ankylosing spondylitis, cancer, diabetes, fibromyalgia, headache, hypertension, myocardial infarction, obesity, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke and whiplash at baseline.

Dørheim et al. 2014 Norway [32]

Akershus Birth Cohort

F

BIS

sd, dur and day

EPDS

3.5

2

Range 17.4–47.5; mean 31.5

2,088

No covariate adjustment

  1. Abbreviations: NA not available, F female, M male, NIHM National Institute of Mental Health, CES-D Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, GMS Geriatric Mental State diagnostic schedule, TRF Teacher Report Form, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, DSM-12D 12-item scale for DSM depression, HAMD Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, SCID Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, SPIKE Structured Psychopathological Interview and Rating of Social Consequences of Psychic Disturbances for Epidemiology, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BIS The Bergen Insomnia Scale, PSG polysomnographic assessment, day daytime consequences criterion
  2. §sd, sleep difficulties criterion
  3. †dur, duration criterion