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Table 2 Characteristics for all participants according to parental care and overprotection

From: Perceived inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood are associated with greater risk of sleep disturbance in adulthood: the Hisayama Study

 

Father

 

Mother

 

High care

Low care

Low over-protection

High over-protection

High care

Low care

Low over-protection

High over-protection

(n = 363)

(n = 339)

(n = 327)

(n = 375)

(n = 358)

(n = 344)

(n = 337)

(n = 365)

Sociodemographic and life style factors

        

 Age, mean (SD)

59.7 (10.9)

58.9 (11.2)

59.1 (10.7)

59.4 (11.4)

59.4 (11.2)

59.1 (10.9)

60.3 (10.4)

58.4 (11.5)*

 Sex, male (%)

28.1

48.1**

33.3

41.6*

30.7

45.1**

32.6

42.4**

 Marital status, without partner (%)

20.1

18.6

18.7

20.0

17.3

21.5

19.3

19.5

 Educational level, under 10 years (%)

11.8

15.0

11.6

14.9

10.6

16.3*

12.5

14.3

 Subjective economic level, low-very low (%)

15.2

26.6**

14.7

25.9**

13.7

27.9**

16.0

24.9**

 Occupation, unemployed (%)

50.7

49.0

47.4

52.0

49.4

50.3

49.9

49.9

 Current smoking, yes (%)

8.0

13.9*

8.9

12.5

9.2

12.5

7.7

13.7*

 Current drinking, yes (%)

50.4

58.7*

53.8

54.9

53.4

55.5

53.1

55.6

 Habitual exercise, yes (%)

53.2

52.5

53.8

52.0

53.1

52.6

54.9

51.0

Physical factors

        

 Obesity, BMI >25 (%)

22.0

26.0

25.1

23.0

22.4

25.6

23.4

24.4

 Hypertension (%)

41.3

42.2

39.5

43.7

40.8

42.7

41.5

41.9

 Diabetes (%)

13.0

17.1

11.0

18.4**

12.0

18.0*

12.5

17.3

 Past history of cardiovascular diseases (%)

11.3

15.9

10.7

16.0*

11.5

15.7

11.3

15.6

 Past history of cancer (%)

5.8

6.5

4.6

7.5

5.9

6.4

3.9

8.2*

 Past history of respiratory diseases (%)

13.0

16.5

12.5

16.5

13.4

16.0

12.8

16.4

 Past history of digestive diseases (%)

16.5

25.4**

15.3

25.6**

17.9

23.8

19.3

22.2

 Current pain symptom (%)

55.9

67.0**

54.7

66.9**

57.5

65.1*

56.4

65.8*

Psychological factor

        

 Depression symptom, Score, median (IQR)

2 (0–4)

3 (1–6)**

2 (0–4)

3 (1–6)**

2 (0–3)

3 (1–6)*

2 (0–4)

3 (1–6)*

  1. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg and/or use of an antihypertensive agent. Diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), and/or a 2-h post-loaded or causal glucose level of ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), HbA1c (NGSP) ≥ 6.5 % and/or current use of insulin or oral glucose-lowering agents
  2. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg and/or use of an antihypertensive agent. Diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), and/or a 2-h post-loaded or causal glucose level of ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), HbA1c (NGSP) ≥ 6.5 % and/or current use of insulin or oral glucose-lowering agents
  3. Values were tested by t-test (for age), Chi-square test (for frequencies) or Mann-Whitney U-test (for depression)
  4. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation [SD]), frequency or median
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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