Table 4 Adjusted^a (independent) associations between each BPD criterion and violence outcomes in a joint UK household survey (N = 14,753)

Any violence

1.33 (1.10–1.60)**

1.15 (0.94–1.40)

0.69 (0.40–1.17)

1.46 (1.24–1.71)***

1.09 (0.74–1.61)

1.17 (0.90–1.51)

0.87 (0.68–1.12)

2.47 (1.92–3.19)***

1.18 (0.90–1.55)

Intoxicated

1.12 (0.84–1.50)

1.15 (0.85–1.55)

1.03 (0.55–1.96)

1.20 (0.94–1.53)

0.91 (0.55–1.50)

1.07 (0.74–1.55)

0.95 (0.65–1.39)

2.07 (1.44–2.97)***

1.27 (0.88–1.83)

Minor violence

1.28 (0.99–1.65)

1.25 (0.95–1.66)

0.30 (0.13–0.67)**

1.63 (1.29–2.07)***

0.80 (0.47–1.37)

1.11 (0.78–1.58)

1.00 (0.70–1.43)

1.77 (1.22–2.58)**

1.41 (0.95–2.07)

Severity

 5 > incidents

0.95 (0.66–1.38)

1.29 (0.87–1.91)

0.94 (0.47–1.89)

1.72 (1.18–2.50)**

1.09 (0.58–2.05)

1.06 (0.64–1.75)

0.70 (0.42–1.15)

3.38 (2.14–5.34)***

1.03 (0.60–1.76)

 Victim injured

1.16 (0.84–1.60)

0.80 (0.56–1.14)

0.89 (0.43–1.84)

1.44 (1.08–1.92)*

1.20 (0.68–2.12)

1.04 (0.68–1.59)

0.99 (0.66–1.48)

2.41 (1.63–3.58)***

0.82 (0.51–1.32)

Victim types

 IPV

2.17 (1.56–3.00)***

1.47 (1.01–2.14)*

0.76 (0.39–1.47)

1.40 (1.00–1.97)*

1.18 (0.68–2.05)

1.13 (0.75–1.71)

0.79 (0.51–1.22)

3.36 (2.22–5.09)***

1.15 (0.73–1.81)

Family^b

1.01 (0.58–1.75)

0.96 (0.52–1.77)

0.96 (0.37–2.47)

2.00 (1.22–3.28)**

1.63 (0.70–3.80)

1.35 (0.60–3.06)

1.28 (0.63–2.57)

1.57 (0.75–3.28)

0.93 (0.43–2.02)

 Friend

1.37 (0.90–2.09)

1.47 (0.95–2.29)

0.48 (0.21–1.11)

1.31 (0.89–1.94)

1.41 (0.75–2.65)

0.87 (0.50–1.53)

0.72 (0.41–1.26)

2.57 (1.53–4.29)***

1.37 (0.78–2.39)

 Person known

1.69 (1.24–2.31)***

1.23 (0.89–1.70)

0.34 (0.17–0.68)**

1.75 (1.31–2.34)***

0.66 (0.36–1.21)

0.94 (0.61–1.44)

1.22 (0.81–1.83)

1.82 (1.21–2.74)**

1.21 (0.80–1.82)

 Stranger

1.14 (0.88–1.48)

0.87 (0.65–1.16)

1.20 (0.61–2.37)

1.41 (1.12–1.77)**

1.15 (0.70–1.89)

1.04 (0.71–1.52)

0.69 (0.47–1.02)

1.98 (1.43–2.74)***

0.99 (0.66–1.49)

Locations

 Own home

1.35 (0.99–1.85)

1.24 (0.87–1.79)

1.05 (0.57–1.95)

1.59 (1.14–2.20)**

1.22 (0.70–2.13)

1.31 (0.84–2.06)

1.32 (0.88–2.00)

2.62 (1.72–3.99)***

0.80 (0.51–1.25)

 Street

1.36 (1.06–1.74)*

1.07 (0.82–1.40)

0.77 (0.42–1.43)

1.54 (1.23–1.93)***

0.96 (0.61–1.50)

0.86 (0.62–1.20)

0.79 (0.56–1.10)

2.44 (1.81–3.30)***

1.14 (0.81–1.62)

 Bar/pub

1.41 (1.05–1.89)*

0.77 (0.56–1.07)

0.81 (0.44–1.50)

1.44 (1.09–1.91)*

0.65 (0.39–1.10)

1.22 (0.82–1.84)

0.88 (0.58–1.33)

2.02 (1.38–2.95)***

1.27 (0.81–1.98)