Outcome measure | Study | Age (mean ± SD) | Sample (N) | Aims | Key measures | Key findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social and economic participation | [57] | MDD: 15.7 ± 1.5; | MDD (8M; 6F) | Assess amygdala activation and connectivity during an emotional regulation task. | Imaging: fMRI | MDD: ↓ amygdala–seeded connectivities ~ ↓ social and economic participation |
HC: 15.1 ± 1.6 | HC (8M; 6F) | Functional: CGAS | ||||
Physical health | [58] | BPD-O: 23.8 ± 4.5 | BPD-O (9M; 11F) | Examine the relationship between BMI and brain volumes in mania. | Imaging: sMRI | BPD: ↑ BMI ~ ↓ WMV and TLV |
BPD-N: 22.2 ± 4.4 | BPD-N (19M; 18F) | Functional: BMI | HC: ↑ BMI ~ ↓ TBV and GMV. | |||
HC-O: 22.0 ± 3.8 | HC-O (12M; 5F) | |||||
HC-N: 22.3 ± 3.5 | HC-N (19M; 19F) | |||||
Suicide and self-harm | [170] | MHP: 14.6 ± 3.4 | PSD (18M; 5F) | Compare WMH in psychiatrically hospitalized youth with and without a history of suicide attempt | Imaging: sMRI | MDD: ↑ WMH ~ suicide attempt history, but not ideation |
BPD (26M; 9F) MDD (33M; 15F) | Functional: PRS | |||||
PC (34M; 12F) | ||||||
[171] | MDD: 26.7 ± 5.5 | MDD (34M; 68F) | Compare the prevalence and location of WMH in young MDD inpatients with and without histories of suicide attempts | Imaging: sMRI | MDD: ↑ PVH, not DWMH, ~ suicide attempt history, but not ideation | |
Functional: Clinical records | ||||||
[59]* | HC: 16.2 ± 0.8 | HC (4M; 9F) | Evaluate the ACC volumes of MDD/borderline personality patients with and without a suicide attempt history | Imaging: sMRI | MDDx: ↓ BA24 volumes ~ ↑ number of suicide attempts (and ↑ borderline severity, but not depression) | |
MDDx: 15.8 ± 1.1 | MDDx (2M; 11F) | Functional: Clinical interview | ||||
[62] | SA: 16.20 ± 0.78 PC: 15.87 ± 1.55 HC: 15.21 ± 1.42 | SA (4M; 11F) | Evaluate the association between neural activity during performance of the go no-go task and suicide history. | Imaging: fMRI | PC: ↑ activity in right ACG compared to SA (but SA not different from HC) | |
PC (7M; 8F) | Functional: CSHF | |||||
HC (8M; 6F) | ||||||
[60] | SA: 16.21 ± 0.80 | SA (4M; 10) | Measure neural activity during processing of emotional faces in adolescents with a history of depression and suicide attempt | Imaging: fMRI | SA: ↑ dorsal ACG activity when viewing angry faces, and ↓ visual, sensory, prefrontal, ACG activity to intense happy and neutral faces ~ suicide attempt history. | |
PC: 15.87 ± 1.55 | PC (7M; 8F) | Clinical: C-CASA, CSHF, SIQ, SIS | ||||
HC: 15.27 ± 1.39 | HC (8M; 7F) | |||||
[34]* | SA: 16.20 ± 0.78 | SA (4M; 11F) | Measure neural activity during performance on the IGT in adolescents. | Imaging: fMRI | PC: ↑ hippocampal activity compared to HC. (HC and SA did not differ, evidence of ↓ activation) | |
PC: 15.79 ± 1.58 | PC (7M; 7F) | Functional: C-CASA, CSHF, SIQ, SIS | ||||
HC: 15.15 ± 1.46 | HC (8M; 5F) | |||||
Alcohol and substance use | [172] | BPD-L: 23.7 ± 3.6 | BPD-L (14M; 5F) | Assess the effects of alcohol use on GSH in young people with BPD. | Imaging: MRS | BPD-H: ↓ GSH |
BPD-H: 23.4 ± 3.1 | BPD-H (12M; 2F) | Functional: AUDIT | ||||
HC: 23.6 ± 2.8 | HC (13M; 4F) | |||||
[65] | MDD: 21.7 ± 2.0 | MDD (5M; 1F) | Examine the effect of cannabis use on threat-related amygdala reactivity. | Imaging: fMRI | MDD: ↑ CU ~ ↓amygdala reactivity | |
Functional: SCID (presence of dependence) | ||||||
[66] | AUD: 17 ± 2.1 | AUD (8M; 6F) | Compare prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar measures of adolescents and young adults with adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders | Imaging: sMRI | AUD: ↓ PFC & PFC WMV. | |
HC: 16.9 ± 2.3 | HC (16M; 12F) | Fucntional: ACQ, LHAUI, SCID | AUD: ↓ PFC GM ~ ↑ alcohol consumption | |||
AUD(M): ↓ CV | ||||||
PFC volume variables ~ measures of alcohol consumption | ||||||
[64] | BPD: 16 ± 2, | BPD (5M; 9F) | Compare brain morphometry in bipolar adolescents with co-occurring substance and alcohol disorders | Imaging: sMRI | BPD: CUD ~ ↓ LFG GMV & ↑ RC, PCG GMV | |
Functional: ASI, SCID, SAC | ||||||
[63] | CU: 18 ± 0.7 | CU (12M; 4F) | Examine the relationship between brain volumes, depression and cannabis use. | Imaging: sMRI | CU: ↓ WMV ~ ↑ depressive symptoms | |
HC: 18 ± 0.9 | HC (11M; 5F) | Functional: BDI, CDDR, HDRS, TLFB, | ||||
Clinical syndrome | [173] | BPD: 19.9 ± 7.9 | BPD (15M; 18F) | Explore structural brain changes in first-episode bipolar patients | Imaging: VBM | BPD: ↑ volume in left thalamus and fusiform and cerebellum bilaterally. ↑ AC, PPS GMD. ↑ middle/superior temporal and posterior cingulate gyri, GMV & GMD. |
HC: 21.5 ± 4.3 | HC (19M; 14F) | Clinical: SCID, KSADS | ||||
[90] | DD: 15.6 ± 1.4, | DD (4M; 21F) | Investigate WM microstructure in a sample of clinically depressed adolescents relative to matched controls. | Imaging: DTI | DD: ↓ FA and ↑ RD, MD in corpus callosum. ↑ FA & AD, and ↓ RD in uncinate fasciculus. | |
HC: 14.7 ± 1.6 | HC (3M; 18F) | Clinical: ADIS, CDI, CBCL, RCADS, YSRS | ||||
[46] | BPD: 15.8 ± 1.8 | BPD (6M; 11F) | Compare amygdala neurodevelopment among BPD, ADHD, and healthy adolescents | Imaging: sMRI | BPD: ↑ BL amygdala volumes ~ symptomatic recover compared to those who did not achieve recovery. No increase in amygdala volume over time. | |
ADHD: 16.3 ± 1.7 | ADHD (13M; 11F) | Clinical: KSADS, LIFE, YMRS, HDRS | ||||
HC: 16.3 ± 1.8 | HC (13M; 10F) | |||||
[85] | BPD: 15.9 ± 1.4 | BPD (4M; 4F) | Evaluate the effect of lamotrigine treatment on amygdalar activation | Imaging: fMRI | BPD: clinical improvement ~ ↓ right amygdalar activation | |
Clinical: CDRS | ||||||
[99] | BPD: 25 ± 9 | BPD (7M; 14F) | Investigate the distribution of lactate in bipolar and healthy brains | Imaging: MRS | BPD: ↑ Lac/NAA & Lac/Cr ratio | |
HC: 25 ± 6 | HC (5M, 5F) | Clinical: SCID | ||||
[174] | BPD: 15.6 ± 0.9 | BPD (2M; 8F) | Explore the neural correlates of depression at baseline and after 6 weeks of open as usual treatment | Imaging: fMRI | BPD: After treatment, ↓ left occipital cortex activity in the intense fearful experiment, but ↑ left insula, left cerebellum, and right ventrolateral PFC in the intense happy experiment. ↑ improvement in depression ~ ↑ BL activity in ventral ACC to mild happy faces | |
HC: 15.6 ± 1.2 | HC (2M; 8F) | Clinical: KSADS, CDRS, SCARED, YMRS | ||||
[175] | MDD: 14.73 ± 1.49 | MDD (3M; 11F) | Examine behavioral and neural responses to reward in young people with depressive disorders using a reward decision-making task | Imaging: fMRI | MDD: ↓ activation in the ACC, bilateral caudate, and inferior OFC bilaterally during reward decision/anticipation and reward outcome. | |
HC: 14.45 ± 1.79 | HC (7M; 10F) | Clinical: KSADS, CBCL, SCARED, CDI, BDI | ||||
[176] | MDD: 12.9 ± 2.3 | MDD (4M; 9F) | Evaluate reward-related brain function as a predictor of treatment response in adolescents with MDD | Imaging: fMRI | MDD: severity, anxiety and depression symptoms ↓ following treatment. ↑ reward related striatal function before treatment ~ ↑ clinical severity, ↓ anxiety symptoms and faster improvement in anxiety symptoms after treatment. ↑ mPFC function before ~ slower improvements in anxiety symptoms. | |
Clinical: KSADS, MFQ, SCARED, CGI | ||||||
[68] | MDD: 16.7 ± 2.7 | MDD (9M; 12F) | Test whether ACC GABA levels are decreased in adolescents with MDD | Imaging: MRS, sMRI | MDD & HC: ↑ ACC GABA ~ ↓ anhedonia scores. | |
HC: 16.2 ± 1.6 | HC (6M; 15F) | Clinical: KSADS, CDRS-R, BDI | ||||
MDD: ↓ ACC GABA, ↓ ACC WM | ||||||
[177] | MDD: 17.1 ± 2.5 | MDD (9M; 12F) | Assess striatum-based circuitry in relation to categorical diagnosis of MDD and anhedonia severity | Imaging: fMRI | MDD: ↑ iFC between all striatal regions bilaterally and DmPFC, RVC and ACC. MDD severity ~ iFC between the striatum and the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex and dmPFC. Anhedonia severity ~ Pregenual ACC, subgenual ACC, supplementary motor area, and supramarginal gyrus iFC. | |
HC: 16.3 ± 1.4 | HC (9M; 12F) | Clinical: KSADS, CDRS-R, BDI | ||||
[178] | BPD: 15.1 ± 1.81 | BPD (6M; 12F) | Investigate the brain structural changes in BPD children and adolescents | Imaging: DTI | BPD: ↓ GMV in left hippocampus. ↓ FA value in rACC. | |
HC: 14.1 ± 1.61 | HC (6M; 12F) | Clinical: KSADS, YMRS, MFQ | ||||
↓ hippocampal volume ~ ↑ YMRS score | ||||||
[91] | OCD: 12.35 ± 2.93 | OCD (7M; 14F) | Measure neuroanatomical changes in the thalamus of patients with OCD near the onset of illness, and before and after treatment. | Imaging: MRI | OCD: ↑ thalamic volumes in treatment naïve patients. ↓ thalamic volumes (to comparable levels with controls) ~ paroxetine monotherapy. | |
HC: 12.47 ± 8.33 | HC (7M; 14F) | Clinical: KSADS, YBOCS, HDRS | ||||
↓ thalamic volumes ~ ↓ OCD symptom severity | ||||||
[179] | OCD: 13.1 ± 2.5 | OCD (11M; 7F) | Examine whether overlapping but symptom dimension-specific neural activity patterns in adults are apparent in youths | Imaging: fMRI | OCD: ↓ activity in right insula, putamen, thalamus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left orbitofrontal cortex, and right thalamus and right insula. ↑ OCD symptom related measures were significantly predictive of ↓ neural activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the contamination experiment. | |
HC: 13.6 ± 2.4 | HC (11M; 7F) | Clinical: YBOCS | ||||
[59]* | HC: 16.2 ± 0.8 | HC (4M; 9F) | Evaluate the ACC volumes of MDD/borderline personality patients with and without a suicide attempt history | Imaging: sMRI | MDDx: ↓ BA24 volumes ~ ↑ borderline severity, but not depression | |
MDDx: 15.8 ± 1.1 | MDDx (2M; 11F) | Clinical: Clinical interview | ||||
[94] | OCD: 14.3 ± 2.1 | OCD (13M; 10F) | Investigate white matter abnormalities in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Imaging: DTI | ODD: ↑ FA in splenium ~ ↑ obsession severity | |
HC: 14.2 ± 2.2 | HC (12M; 11F) | Clinical: YBOCS, KSADS | ||||
[180] | MHP: 22.3 ± 3.7 | MHP (50M; 83F) | Examine the relationship between anterior insula GMV, clinical symptom severity and neuropsychological performance. | Imaging: sMRI | MHP: ↓ GMV in left anterior insula. Changes (↑ or ↓) in right anterior insula GMV ~ ↑ symptom severity. | |
HC: 23.8 ± 2.4 | HC (13M; 26F) | Clinical: BPRS, HDRS, SOFAS | ||||
[95] | MDD: 16.8 ± 2.2 | MDD (9M; 8F) | Investigate WM microstructure in MDD using diffusion tensor imaging | Imaging: DTI | MDD: ↓ WM integrity in the genu of corpus callosum, anterior thalamic radiation, anterior cingulum and sagittal stratum ~ ↑ depression severity. | |
HC: 16.4 ± 1.4 | HC (6M; 10F) | Clinical: KSADS, BDI, CDRS-R, MASC | ||||
[181] | MDD: 15.8 ± 1.4 | MDD (8M; 11F) | Investigate sgACC FC in adolescent depression during negative emotional processing. | Imaging: fMRI | MDD: ↑ sgACC- amygdala Functional connectivity and ↓ sgACC-fusiform gyrus, sgACC-precuneus, sgACC-insula, and sgACC-middle frontal gyrus functional connectivity. ↓ sgACC-precuneus functional connectivity ~ ↑ depression severity. | |
HC: 16.1 ± 1.2 | HC (8M; 11F) | Clinical: BDI | ||||
[93] | HC: 16 ± 2.74 | HC (6M; 7F) | Evaluate whether the observed WM disruptions are associated with increased vulnerability to psychopathology during prospective follow-up | Imaging: DTI | MDD at FUP ~ ↓ FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculi & the right cingulum-hippocampal Projection. SUD at FUP ~ ↓ FA in the right cingulum-hippocampal projection. | |
MT: 15.89 ± 2.79 | MT (5M; 14F) | Clinical: KSADS, FH-RDC, CDRS-R, HDRS, CGAS, BDI DUSI | ||||
[182] | OCD: 13.95 ± 2.52 | OCD (9M; 16F) | Investigate the development of the ACC and its associations with psychopathology. | Imaging: fMRI | OCD: ↑ ACC activity during error responses in bilateral insular cortex during high conflict tasks | |
HC: 13.71 ± 2.85 | HC (9M; 16F) | Clinical: YBOCS, ADIS, CDI, STAI-C, CBCL | ||||
[81] | OCD: 13.78 ± 2.58 | OCD (11M; 18F) | Identify differences in regional brain volume between medication-free pediatric OCD patients and controls and examine changes after cognitive behavioural therapy | Imaging: VBM | OCD: ↑ Orbitofrontal GMV after treatment ~ ↑ symptom improvement | |
HC: 13.6 ± 2.73 | HC (11M; 18F) | Clinical: YBOCS, ADIS, CDI, STAI-C, CBCL | ||||
[183] | BPD-I: 14.57 ± 1.98 | BPD-I (11M; 7F) | Examine patterns of activity and connectivity in youth with BPD. | Imaging: fMRI | BP-I: ↑ activity in amygdala and VMPFC regulation regions to happy faces and reduced DLPFC activity to fearful faces compared to HC. BPD-NOS: ↓ PFC activity to neural faces compared to HC. | |
BPD-NOS: 12.59 ± 2.27 | BPD-NOS (11M; 7F) | Clinical: KSADS, MFQ, SCARED, CALS | ||||
HC: 13.67 ± 2.55 | HC (7M; 11F) | |||||
[71] | HC: 23.9 ± 2.3 | HC (12M; 21F) | Evaluate patterns of grey matter changes very early in the course of affective illness compared to those with discrete disorders and/or illness persistence | Imaging: sMRI | ST-2/3: ↓ GMV in frontal brain regions | |
ST-1: 20.4 ± 5.2 | ST-1 (8M; 15F) | Clinical: HDRS, SOFAS, BPRS | ||||
ST-2/3: 23.5 ± 3.5 | ST-2/3 (14M; 10F) | |||||
[96] | HC: 23.82 ± 2.52 | HC (15M; 24F) | Examine the association between microstructural WM changes and different stages of psychiatric illness. | Imaging: DTI | ST-2/3: ↓ FA within the left anterior corona radiata compared to HC. | |
ST-1B: 21.36 ± 3.51 | ST-1B (24M; 49F) | Clinical: HDRS, BPRS, SOFAS | ||||
ST-1B: pattern of ↓ FA within the left anterior corona radiate (less WM involvement than ST-2/3) | ||||||
ST-2/3: 22.45 ± 4.35 | ST-2/3 (37M; 32) | |||||
[92] | BPD: 23.03 ± 5.04 | BPD (23M; 35F) | Examine WM microstructural changes in BPD. | Imaging: DTI | BPD: ↓ FA in the genu, body and splenium of the corpus callosum as well as the superior and anterior corona radiata. ↑ radial diffusivity. | |
HC: 24.05 ± 2.92 | HC (12M; 28F) | Clinical: HDRS, YMRS, SOFAS, BPRS | ||||
[184] | OCD: 13.1 ± 2.7 | OCD (7M; 5F) | Investigate possible regional brain dysfunction in premotor cortico-striatal activity, correlate brain activation with severity of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology; And, detect possible changes in brain activity after pharmacological treatment | Imaging: fMRI | OCD: ↑ activation bilaterally in the middle frontal gyrus. Clinical improvement following pharmacological treatment ~ ↓ activation in left insula and left putamen | |
HC: 13.7 ± 2.8 | HC (7M; 5F) | Clinical: ChIPS, Y-BOCS, CDI, STAI-C, LOI-CV | ||||
[98] | OCD: 12.5 ± 2.9 | OCD (6M; 5F) | Measure neurometabolite concentrations in anterior cingulate-medial frontal cortex and right and left striatum of drug naïve children and adolescents with OCD | Imaging: MRS | OCD: ↓ total Cho in left striatum (this ↓ did not change over time and persisted at follow-up Assessment) | |
HC: 14.5 ± 2.8 | HC (5M; 7F) | Clinical: Y-BOCS, CDI, STAI-C, LOI-CV | ||||
[185] | BPD: 27 ± 10 | BPD (26M; 32F) | Assess changes in GMV in BPD. | Imaging: sMRI | BPD: ↑ GMV in portions of the VLPFC and hippocamps complex. ↑ GMV in amygdala proper and caudate. ↑ number of depressive episodes ~ ↑ GMV in the right cingulate gyrus bilaterally and right thalamus and bilateral lenticulate nuclei, and left cerebellar vermis. ↑ illness duration ~ ↓ GMV in left cerebellar vermis. | |
HC 27 ± 10 | HC (21M; 27F) | Clinical: SCID, KSADS | ||||
[83] | OCD: 12.79 ± 2.64 | OCD (10M; 21F) | Measure pituitary gland volume in OCD | Imaging: MRI | OCD: ↓ pituitary gland volume ~ ↑ compulsive symptom severity (more pronounced in males). | |
HC: 12.89 ± 2.66 | HC (10M; 21F) | Clinical: YBOCS, HAMA, HDRS | ||||
[74] | MDD: 8 – 17years | MDD (10M; 13F) | Examine temporal lobe anatomy in pediatric patients with MDD near the onset of illness before treatment | Imaging: MRI | MDD: ↑ left and right amygdala: hippocampus volume ratios ~ ↑ severity of anxiety (but not ↑ depression severity or duration of illness) | |
HC: 8–17 years | HC (10M; 13F) | Clinical: CDRS-R, HAMA | ||||
[87] | ANX: 11.8 ± 1.8 | ANX (6M; 6F) | Examine the relationships between pretreatment amygdala activity and treatment response in a sample of anxious children and adolescents | Imaging: fMRI | ANX: ↑ left amygdala activation pre-treatment ~ treatment response to CBT or medication. (no association between pre-treatment symptom severity and pre-treatment amygdala activity) | |
Clinical: KSADS, CGI | ||||||
[78] | SAD: 21.80 ± 3.68 | SAD (14M; 6F) | Explore the GMD deficits in drug-naïve adult SAD patients | Imaging: VBM | SAD: ↓ GMD in bilateral thalami, right amygdala, and right precuneus. ↓ right amygdala GMD ~ ↑ disease duration and ↓ age of onset. | |
HC: 21.58 ± 3.72 | HC (13M; 6F) | Clinical: HAMA, HDRS, LSAS, SCID | ||||
[69] | DD: 15.4 ± 1.5 | DD (3M; 23F) | Examine GMV in brain areas putatively involved in affective psychopathology. | Imaging: VBM | DD: ↓ bilateral dorsal ACC volume. No association with clinical severity of depression or anxiety. | |
HC: 14.7 ± 1.5 | HC (3M; 23F) | Clinical: ADIS, CDI, RCADS, YSR, CBCL | ||||
[100] | BPD: 15.5 ± 1.5, | BPD (5M; 23F) | Compare in vivo neurometabolite concentrations in bipolar adolescents with a depressed episode | Imaging: MRS | BPD: ↑ NAA in the ACC and VLPFC. ↑ Cho and Cr in the VLPFC. | |
HC: 14.6 ± 1.8 | HC (4M; 6F) | Clinical: KSADS, CDRS-R | ||||
[186] | BPD: 14.3 ± 1.1 | BPD (6M; 11F) | Investigate the effects of pharmacotherapy on brain function underlying affect dysregulation and cognitive function in pediatric bipolar disorder. | Imaging: fMRI | BPD: YMRS improvement ~ ↓ VMPFC activity. Normalization of activity in the inferior frontal gyrus following pharmacological treatment. | |
HC: 14.1 ± 2.4 | HC (7M; 7F) | Clinical: YMRS, KSADS, CDI, CDRS-R | ||||
[187] | BPD: | BPD (16M; 8F) | Determine the relative effects of risperidone and divalproex on brain function in pediatric mania | Imaging: fMRI | BPD: Divalproex treatment ~ ↑ activity in left MPFC relative and modulation of positive emotions to risperidone. ↑ pre-treatment right amygdala activity with negative and positive condition in the risperidone group, and left amygdala with positive condition in divalproex group predicted poor response on YMRS. | |
HC: 13.9 ± 3.4 | HC (7M; 7F) | Clinical: KSADS, CDRS, YMRS | ||||
[86] | gSP: 25.91 ± 5.50 | gSP (8M; 13F) | Examine the change in amygdala-insula-medial frontal function during perception of social threat cues before and after SSRI treatment | Imaging: fMRI | gSP: SSRI treatment ~ ↓ amygdala reactivity to fearful faces (which was ↑ pre-treatment) and ↑ ventral MPF activity to angry faces (which was ↓ Pre-treatment treatment). No correlations with symptom improvement. | |
HC: 26.95 ± 8.11 | HC (10M; 9F) | Clinical: SCID, LSAS, HDRS, BDI, STAI | ||||
[188] | OCD: 28.8 ± 8.2 | OCD (4M; 5F) | Identify neuroimaging predictors of medication response in contamination-related obsessive compulsive disorder OCD | Imaging: PET | OCD: ↓ rCBF in OFC and ↑ rCBF values in PCC predicted better fluvoxamine treatment response. | |
Clinical: AAS, OCDAS | ||||||
[70] | HC: 17.19 ± 1.87 | HC (7M; 9F) | Investigate the role of dysregulation of frontal-limbic circuits in the symptomology of this disorder | Imaging: sMRI | MDD: ↑ right and left rostral MFG, and left caudal anterior cingulate cortex thickness. ↑ age ~ ↓ left MFG thickness. | |
MDD: 16.89 ± 2.01 | MDD (9M; 21F) | Clinical: CDRS, KSADS, BDI | ||||
[84] | OCD: 12.70 ± 3.11 | OCD (13M; 8F) | Investigate the regional morphology of the CC in OCD. | Imaging: sMRI | OCD: ↑ corpus callosum (except the isthmus). ↑ CC area, genu, anterior body, posterior body, isthmus and anterior splenium ~ ↑ compulsive symptom severity | |
HC: 12.74 ± 3.12 | HC (13M; 8F) | Clinical: YBOCS, HAMA, HDRS, KSADS | ||||
[79] | OCD: 12.89 ± 3.23 | OCD (5M; 6F) | Evaluate neuroanatomic changes in the thalamus of OCD patients near illness onset before and after cognitive behavioral therapy | Imaging: sMRI | OCD: No significant change in thalamic volume after CBT | |
Clinical: YBOCS, HDRS, HAMA, KSADS | ||||||
[73] | MDD: 15.35 ± .34, | MDD (3M; 17F) | Examine amygdala and hippocampus volumes in pediatric MDD. | Imaging: sMRI | MDD: ↓ left and right amygdala volumes. No correlations with symptom severity, age of onset or illness duration. | |
HC: 14.08 ± .31 | HC (8M; 16F) | Clinical: HDRS, FH-RDC, KSADS | ||||
[75] | GAD: 22.9 ± 4.1, | GAD (16F) | Investigate the neural substrates associated with excessive and persistent worrying in GAD | Imaging: sMRI | GAD: ↑ amygdala and DMPFC volumes. ↑ symptom severity ~ ↑ DMPFC and ACC volumes | |
HC: 23.7 ± 3.7 | HC (15F) | Clinical: SCID, BDI, MCQ | ||||
[189] | BPD: 14.6 ± 2.2 | BPD (11M; 12F) | Examine the neurofunctional effects of ziprasidone in manic adolescents | Imaging: fMRI | BPD: Ziprasidone treatment ~ ↑ in right BA 11 and 47 activation. No association with symptom improvement. ↓ BL right BA 47 activation ~ ↑ improvement of YMRS score. | |
HC: 15.0 ± 1.8 | HC (6M; 4F) | Clinical: YMRS, CGI, KSADS | ||||
[101] | BPD-R: 15.4 ± 1 | BPD-R (4M; 3F) | Evaluate the in vivo effects of extended-release divalproex sodium on the glutamatergic system in adolescents with BPD and neurochemical predictors of clinical remission. | Imaging: MRS | BPD-r: ↓ BL Glx in LVLPFC. Change in LVLPFC Glu ~ change in YMRS score | |
BPD-NR: 14.1 ± 2.2 | BPD-NR (6M; 1F) | Clinical: KSADS, CDRS, CGI, YMRS | ||||
HC: 14.4 ± 1.6 | HC (6M; 9F) | |||||
[88] | BPD-RE: 13.5 ± 2.4 | BPD-RE (13M; 9F) | Determine functional connectivity among patients with pediatric BPD who are responders to pharmacotherapy and those who are nonresponders, | Imaging: fMRI | BPD-RE: ↑ connectivity of the amygdala before and after treatment compared to BPD-NRE. ↑ right amygdala functional connectivity after treatment ~ ↑ improvement in mania symptoms | |
BPD-NRE: 13.3 ± 2.0 | BPD-NRE (6M; 6F) | Clinical: KSADS, YMRS, CDRS-R | ||||
HC: 14.2 ± 3.1 | HC (7M; 7F) | |||||
[72] | MDD: 28.8 ± 10.7 | MDD (35M; 30F) | Evaluate the early effects of antidepressant therapy, as well as of key clinical variables, on ACC volume | Imaging: sMRI | MDD: >3 untreated depressive episodes ~ ↓ subcallosal gyrus volumes compared to HC. | |
HC: 28.4 ± 10.7 | HC (37M; 56F) | Clinical: YMRS, GAF, HDRS, SCID | ||||
[82] | OCD: 16.6 ± 1.5 | OCD (14M; 12F) | Identify structural GM and WM microstructure changes in pediatric OCD | Imaging: sMRI, DTI | OCD: ↑ symptom severity ~ ↑ GM volume in right insula, posterior orbitofrontal cortex, brainstem and cerebellum, | |
HC: 16.5 ± 1.4 | HC (14M; 12F) | Clinical: YBOCS | ||||
[80] | OCD: 22.0 ± 5.2 | OCD (3M; 5F) | Evaluated resting brain metabolism and treatment response in OCD patients. | Imaging: PET, MRI | OCD: ↑ clinical improvement ~ ↑ changes in bilateral dosal ACC and in the right middle occipital gyrus | |
HC: 21.5 ± 5.9 | HC (8F) | Clinical: YBOCS, HDRS |