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Table 4 ORs (95 % CIs) of statistically significant predictors for CRD and CSD in the multivariable model

From: Depression among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005–2012

Variable/characteristic

Category

CRD (PHQ-9 depression total scores ≥ 10)

CSD (PHQ-9 depression total scores ≥ 15)

Age, years

30–49

2.0 (1.3–3.3)

3.3 (1.5–7.0)

 

50–64

1.5 (1.0–2.2)

3.3 (2.0–5.5)

 

≥65

1.0 (ref.)

1.0 (ref.)

Sex

Male

1.0 (ref.)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Female

2.1 (1.4–3.1)

1.8 (1.0–2.9)

Family income/poverty ratio

> 1.3

1.0 (ref.)

1.0 (ref.)

 

≤ 1.3

2.8 (1.8–4.4)

3.1 (1.6–5.8)

Education level

Below high school

2.0 (1.3–3.1)

3.1 (1.7–5.6)

 

High school graduate

1.3 (0.7–2.4)

1.5 (0.7–3.0)

 

College or above

1.0 (ref.)

1.0 (ref.)

Physical Activity levela

Below guideline

1.0 (ref.)

 

Met guideline

0.4 (0.2–0.7)

Smoking status

Non-smoker

1.0 (ref.)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Former smoker

1.3 (0.9–2.0)

 

Current smoker

2.4 (1.7–3.6)

Body Mass Index, kg/m2

< 25

1.0 (ref.)

 

25–29

0.9 (0.4–1.8)

 

30–34

3.0 (1.6–5.5)

 

≥ 35

2.4 (1.3–4.6)

Sleeping status

No trouble

1.0 (ref.)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Have trouble

3.0 (2.1–4.2)

3.7 (2.4–5.7)

Hospitalized in the past 12 months

No

1.0 (ref.)

 

Yes

2.6 (1.8–3.7)

Cardiovascular diseases

No

1.0 (ref.)

 

Yes

2.2 (1.3–3.8)

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

< 200

1.0 (ref.)

1.0 (ref.)

 

≥ 200

1.7 (1.2–2.4)

2.0 (1.2–3.6)

  1. CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, ref. reference; aPhysical activity level evaluated according to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans [42]