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Table 2 Prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and personality traits in individuals with/ without type 2 diabetes

From: Psychological and personality factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus, presenting the rationale and exploratory results from The Maastricht Study, a population-based cohort study

 

No type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes

p-value

Depressive symptoms

 PHQ-9 score

2.46 ± 3.18

3.26 ± 4.53

0.020

 PHQ-9 ≥ 10

23 (4.2 %)

16 (7.8 %)

0.081

Depressive disorder

 Depressive disorder (MINI)

33 (5.5 %)

22 (8.8 %)

0.105

 Lifetime depressive episode (MINI)

220 (36.5 %)

86 (34.3 %)

0.538

 Dysthymia (MINI)

5 (0.8 %)

7 (2.8 %)

a

Anxiety symptoms

 GAD-7 score

2.59 ± 3.59

2.83 ± 4.01

0.444

 GAD-7 ≥ 10

29 (5.4 %)

14 (7 %)

0.424

Anxiety disorders

 Current panic disorder

4 (0.7 %)

3 (1.2 %)

a

 Lifetime panic disorder

26 (4.3 %)

6 (2.4 %)

a

 Current agoraphobia

35 (5.8 %)

24 (9.6 %)

0.073

 Current social phobia

9 (1.5 %)

3 (1.2 %)

a

Type D personality

 Social inhibition

8.55 ± 4.63

9.62 ± 5.27

0.013

 Social inhibition score ≥ 10

189 (36.4 %)

87 (45.1 %)

0.038

 Negative affectivity

7.47 ± 4.93

8.54 ± 5.65

0.020

 Negative affectivity score ≥ 10

140 (27 %)

70 (36.3 %)

0.020

 Type D personality

79 (15.2 %)

44 (22.8 %)

0.027

Big Five personality traits

 Extraversion

30.4 ± 6.5

28.9 ± 7.4

0.016

 Agreeableness

34.8 ± 3.7

33.7 ± 4.8

0.004

 Conscientiousness

32.6 ± 5.7

31.1 ± 5.9

0.002

 Emotional stability

30.6 ± 6.3

29.5 ± 7.0

0.058

 Openness

28.5 ± 6.5

28.0 ± 6.4

0.287

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage)
  2. a Formal testing was not possible due low numbers
  3. Bold data reflect significant findings