From: Depression symptom and professional mental health service use
Characteristics | Â | Young adults | Â | Â | Middle aged | Â | Â | Elderly | Â | Â |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | (19–44 years) | (45–64 years) | (≥65 years) | ||||||
 |  | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |||
Socioeconomic factors | Â | Â | ||||||||
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Primary or less | 0.95 | 0.52 | 1.75 | 0.81 | 0.63 | 1.05 | 0.53 | 0.36 | 0.77 |
 | Middle school | 0.90 | 0.64 | 1.27 | 0.94 | 0.73 | 1.20 | 0.74 | 0.50 | 1.10 |
 | High school | 1.08 | 0.92 | 1.28 | 0.86 | 0.68 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 1.56 |
 | College or more | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Married | 1.15 | 0.96 | 1.38 | 2.24 | 1.06 | 4.73 | 1.13 | 0.65 | 1.98 |
 | Separated/divorced | 1.24 | 0.90 | 1.70 | 2.29 | 1.09 | 4.81 | 1.26 | 0.72 | 2.20 |
 | Unmarried | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
Income | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Quartile1 | 1.61 | 1.19 | 2.18 | 0.97 | 0.77 | 1.22 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.79 |
 | Quartile2 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 1.31 | 0.82 | 0.68 | 0.99 | 0.81 | 0.63 | 1.05 |
 | Quartile3 | 0.98 | 0.82 | 1.18 | 0.84 | 0.69 | 1.03 | 0.80 | 0.61 | 1.05 |
 | Quartile4 | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Metropolitan | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 | Urban | 0.98 | 0.83 | 1.15 | 1.10 | 0.95 | 1.28 | 1.09 | 0.91 | 1.30 |
 | Rural | 0.89 | 0.72 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 1.25 | 1.17 | 0.98 | 1.40 |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Unemployed | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 | Employed | 0.81 | 0.69 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.66 | 1.09 |
Health-behaviour factors | Â | Â | ||||||||
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Current smoker | 1.68 | 1.34 | 2.12 | 1.40 | 1.10 | 1.78 | 0.76 | 0.52 | 1.10 |
 | Former smoker | 1.52 | 1.10 | 2.11 | 0.98 | 0.72 | 1.34 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.99 |
 | Non-smoker | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
Drinking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Drinker | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.19 |
 | Non-drinker | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Yes | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 | No | 0.98 | 0.80 | 1.18 | 0.92 | 0.78 | 1.07 | 0.82 | 0.69 | 0.97 |
Sleep hours per day | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | <6 | 1.07 | 0.80 | 1.29 | 1.15 | 0.99 | 1.33 | 1.18 | 1.01 | 1.38 |
 | ≤6–9 | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 | ≥9 | 1.49 | 1.13 | 1.95 | 2.01 | 1.46 | 2.77 | 1.10 | 0.84 | 1.44 |
Health-condition factors | Â | Â | ||||||||
Subjective health status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Good | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 | Moderate | 1.33 | 1.10 | 1.61 | 1.39 | 1.10 | 1.76 | 1.45 | 0.94 | 2.25 |
 | Poor | 2.37 | 1.89 | 2.97 | 2.44 | 1.88 | 3.16 | 2.72 | 1.76 | 4.19 |
Perceived stress susceptibility | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Very high | 1.70 | 0.92 | 3.16 | 1.15 | 0.75 | 1.75 | 1.55 | 0.93 | 2.58 |
 | High | 1.39 | 0.76 | 2.55 | 1.02 | 0.68 | 1.53 | 1.04 | 0.67 | 1.63 |
 | Low | 0.78 | 0.42 | 1.45 | 0.71 | 0.46 | 1.10 | 0.59 | 0.38 | 0.94 |
 | Very low | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
Unmet healthcare needs | Â | Â | ||||||||
 | Yes | 0.89 | 0.76 | 1.05 | 0.78 | 0.67 | 0.91 | 0.66 | 0.55 | 0.78 |
 | No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
Medical history | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Hypertension | 1.42 | 0.94 | 2.16 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.18 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.86 |
 | Diabetes mellitus | 1.00 | 0.64 | 1.55 | 0.95 | 0.77 | 1.17 | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.99 |
 | Hyperlipidaemia | 1.68 | 1.24 | 2.28 | 1.12 | 0.96 | 1.31 | 1.81 | 1.54 | 2.13 |
 | CVDa | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.84 | 1.34 | 1.07 | 1.68 | 0.93 | 0.77 | 1.13 |
 | Arthritis | 1.56 | 1.15 | 2.12 | 1.40 | 1.21 | 1.62 | 1.26 | 1.08 | 1.46 |
 | Asthma | 1.40 | 1.00 | 1.96 | 1.36 | 1.04 | 1.77 | 1.22 | 0.96 | 1.55 |