Table 1 General characteristics of included studies
From: Aripiprazole for the treatment of tic disorders in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | Characteristics of participants | Interventions | Treatment period (weeks) | Outcome measures indicators | Diagnostic criteria | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age/Indication | Sample (male) | Comparability of baseline | Treatment group | Control group | ||||
Ghanizadeh 2013 [9] | 6-18 years; | 60(49) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (initial dose: 1.25 mg/day, gradually increase dose, final dose: 10–15 mg/day) | Risperidone (initial dose: 0.25 mg, gradually increase dose, final dose: 2-3 mg/d) | 8 | 1. YGTSS score | DSM-IV-TR |
Tic disorder | Baseline T*: 30.5 ± 13.4, C†: 31.7 ± 10.0 | YGTSS ≥ 21 | ||||||
After treatment T*: 12.8 ± 12, C†:19.3 ± 12.5 | ||||||||
2. Motor tic severity score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 13.1 ± 4.1, C†: 12.9 ± 3.8 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 4.0 ± 4.5, C†:6.0 ± 4.3 | ||||||||
3. Vocal tic severity score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 4.0 ± 4.1, C†: 6.1 ± 5.1 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 0.7 ± 1.8, C†:3.0 ± 3.8 | ||||||||
4. Total tic severity scores | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 16.5 ± 6.4, C†: 19.0 ± 7.3 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 5.7 ± 6.2, C†:9.9 ± 7.7 | ||||||||
Yoo 2013 [10] | 6-18 years Tourette syndrome | 61(53) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (initial dose: 2Â mg/day, gradually increase dose, maximum dose: 20Â mg/day) | Placebo (initial dose: 2Â mg/day, gradually increase dose, maximum dose: 20Â mg/day) | 9 | 1. Total tic severity scores | DSM-IV |
Baseline T*: 28.3 ± 5.5, C†: 29.5 ± 5.6 | YGTSS ≥ 22 | |||||||
After treatment T*: 13.6 ± 9.1, C†:19.9 ± 9.5 | ||||||||
2. Motor tic severity score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 15.9 ± 4.0, C†: 17.3 ± 3.2 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 8.6 ± 6.1, C†:11.9 ± 5.5 | ||||||||
3. Vocal tic severity score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 12.4 ± 3.7, C†: 12.2 ± 4.4 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 5.0 ± 4.6, C†:8.0 ± 5.5 | ||||||||
4. Tourette’s syndrome clinical global | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 4.5 ± 0.8, C†: 4.7 ± 0.8 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 2.8 ± 1.4, C†:3.6 ± 1.3 | ||||||||
Yoo 2011 [14] | 6-15 years; Tic disorder | 48(33) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (initial dose: 5 mg/d, increments every 2 weeks: 5–10 mg/d, maximum dose: 20 mg/d) | Haloperidol (initial dose 0.75 mg/d and increased in 1.5–3 mg/day increments every 2 weeks, maximum dose: 4.5 mg/d | 8 | 1. Total tic severity scores: | DSM-IV |
Baseline T*: 26.5 ± 4.9, C†: 27.6 ± 7.3 | YGTSS ≥ 22 | |||||||
After treatment T*:12.1 ± 6.4, C†: 10.1 ± 7.5. | ||||||||
2. Motor tic severity scores: | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 17.5 ± 5.3, C†: 20.5 ± 3.1 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 8.0 ± 4.4, C†: 8.5 ± 6.7 | ||||||||
3. Vocal tic severity score: | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 9.0 ± 6.7, C†: 7.1 ± 8.3 | ||||||||
After treatment T* 4.5 ± 4.6, C†: 2.4 ± 4.3 | ||||||||
Wang 2013 [25] | 6-15 years; Tourette syndrome | 60(41) | Unclear | Aripiprazole (initial dose: 2.5Â mg/d, maximum dose: 10Â mg/d) | Tiapride: (initial dose: 50Â mg/d, maximum dose: 300Â mg/d) | 8 | 1. YGTSS score | ICD-10 |
Baseline T*: 70.8 ± 9.9, C†: 70.1 ± 9.6 | ||||||||
After treatment T*:44.5 ± 7.9, C†: 51.8 ± 8.3 | ||||||||
2. Motor tic severity score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 24.8 ± 6.5, C†: 23.1 ± 5.8 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 8.7 ± 6.3, C†: 9.5 ± 5.8 | ||||||||
3. Vocal tic severity score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 18.8 ± 8.4, C†: 18.8 ± 8.4 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 9.6 ± 7.8, C†: 11.5 ± 7.1 | ||||||||
4. Impairment score: | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 31.4 ± 8.3, C†: 30.5 ± 8.8 | ||||||||
After treatment T*:18.9 ± 7.8, C†: 22.4 ± 7.8 | ||||||||
Liu 2010 [26] | 6-14 years; Tic disorder | 65(57) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (initial dose:2.5Â mg, qd, increase dose every week: | Tiapride (initial dose: 25Â mg, bid, increase dose every week: 25Â mg, maximum dose: 400Â mg/d. | 12 | 1. Author self-defined tics symptom improvement | DSM-IV-TR |
(Rate of progress in tics symptom ≥ 30 %) | ||||||||
2.5Â mg, maximum dose:10Â mg/d) | ||||||||
T*:91 %(30/33), C†: 84 %(26/31) | ||||||||
2. Decreased YGTSS score | ||||||||
T*: 64 ± 23, C†: 63 ± 25 | ||||||||
3. Decreased motor tic severity score | ||||||||
T*: 68 ± 15, C†: 61 ± 15 | ||||||||
4. Decreased vocal tic severity score | ||||||||
T*: 68 ± 15, C†: 61 ± 15 | ||||||||
5. Decrease impairment score | ||||||||
T*: 59 ± 42, C†: 63 ± 48 | ||||||||
Liu 2011 [27] | 5-17 years; Tourette syndrome | 195(156) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (Age < 8 years: initial dose: 2.5 mg, qd, increase dose every week:2.5 mg, final dose 5-15 mg/d, qd. Age > 8 years: | Tiapride (Age < 8 years: initial dose: 25 mg, bid, increase dose every week: 50 mg, final dose 100-300 mg/d, bid or tid. Age > 8 years: initial dose 50 mg, bid, increase dose every week: 100 mg, final dose: 200-500 mg/d, bid or tid) | 12 | 1. YGTSS score | DSM-IV-TR |
Baseline T*: 53.74 ± 15.71, C†: 51.66 ± 13.63 | YGTSS ≥ 25 | |||||||
After treatment T*: 24.36 ± 16.38, | ||||||||
C†: 23.26.1 ± 15.31 | ||||||||
initial dose 5Â mg, qd, increase dose every week: 5Â mg, final dose: 10-25Â mg/d, qd) | 2. Motor tic severity score | |||||||
Baseline T*: 15.93 ± 3.22, C†: 15.08 ± 2.97 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 7.69 ± 4.14, C†: 7.45 ± 3.42 | ||||||||
3. Vocal tic severity score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 11.99 ± 4.90, C†: 11.63 ± 3.88 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 4.19 ± 4.05, C†: 3.76.1 ± 3.57 | ||||||||
4. Impairment score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 25.71 ± 10.35, C†: 24.85 ± 9.37 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 12.45 ± 9.95, C†: 11.96.1 ± 9.86 | ||||||||
Cheng 2012 [28] | T*:8.1 ± 2.9 | 62(39) | Unclear | Aripiprazole (initial dose:2.5 mg, maximum dose: 10 mg/d) | Haloperidol (initial dose: 0.5 mg, maximum dose: 10 mg/d) | 8 | YGTSS score | CCMD-3 |
C†:7.9 ± 3.2; | Baseline T*: 64.15 ± 15.52, C†: 66.34 ± 15.37 | |||||||
Tic disorder | After treatment T*: 17.59 ± 15.12,C†:25.05 ± 16.81 | |||||||
Ren 2012 [29] | 5-16 years; Tic disorder | 68(58) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (initial dose: 2.5Â mg/d, gradually increase dose, final dose: 5-20Â mg/d) | Haloperidol (initial dose: 1Â mg/d, gradually increase dose, final dose: 2-8Â mg/d) | 8 | 1. YGTSS score | DSM-IV-TR |
Baseline T*:55.32 ± 12.23, C†:54.56 ± 13.08 | YGTSS ≥ 25 | |||||||
After treatment T*: 21.52 ± 18.32, C†: 20.98 ± 16.45 | ||||||||
2. Author self-defined tics symptom improvement | ||||||||
(Rate of progress in tics symptom ≥30 %) | ||||||||
T*:79 %(26/33), C†: 73 %(22/30) | ||||||||
Zhao 2011 [30] | 4-15 years; Tic disorder | 108(72) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (initial dose: 5Â mg, maintenance dose: 5-15Â mg/d) | Haloperidol (initial dose:2Â mg, maintenance dose: 2-12Â mg/d) | 8 | CGI scale | CCMD-3 |
T*:81.3 %(44/54), C†: 82.8 % (39/47) | ||||||||
Guo 2013[31] | 4-16 years; Tic disorder | 80(55) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (initial dose:2.5 mg, maximum dose: 12.5 mg, average daily dose: 7.8 ± 1.1 mg) | Haloperidol (initial dose:1 mg, maximum dose: 16 mg, average daily dose:5.7 ± 0.8 mg) | 8 | YGTSS score | ICD-10 |
Baseline T*: 65.43 ± 9.64, C†: 66.37 ± 10.16 | YGTSS ≥ 25 | |||||||
After treatment T*: 20.17 ± 10.32, C†: 19.87 ± 9.83 | ||||||||
Gao 2013 [32] | T*:11.2 ± 3.5;C†:8.6 ± 2.9; Tic disorder | 48(33) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (initial dose:2.5 mg/d, increase dose every week: 2.5-5.0 mg/d, maximum dose: 20 mg/d) | Haloperidol (initial dose: 1 mg/d, increase dose every week: 2 mg/d, maximum dose: 8 mg/d. | 8 | 1.Total tic severity score | CCMD-3 |
Baseline T*: 26.5 ± 4.9, C†: 27.6 ± 7.3 | YGTSS ≥ 22 | |||||||
After treatment T*: 12.1 ± 6.4, C†: 10.1 ± 7.5 | ||||||||
2. Motor tic severity score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 17.5 ± 5.3, C†: 20.5 ± 3.1 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 8.0 ± 4.4, C†: 8.5 ± 6.7 | ||||||||
3. Vocal tic severity score | ||||||||
Baseline T*: 9.0 ± 6.7, C†: 7.1 ± 8.3 | ||||||||
After treatment T*: 4.5 ± 4.6, C†: 2.4 ± 4.3 | ||||||||
Liang 2010 [33] | 4-16 years; Tourette syndrome | 80(64) | Comparable | Aripiprazole (5–30 mg/d) | Haloperidol (6–16 mg/d) | 8 | YGTSS score | ICD-10 |
Baseline T*: 54.95 ± 13.98, C†: 52.97 ± 13.54 | YGTSS ≥ 25 | |||||||
After treatment T*: 35.12 ± 13.83, C†: | ||||||||
19.26 ± 14.24 | ||||||||