Table 1 Measures

Stress

Chronic

Role and environmental stress, neighborhood security, discrimination

Wheaton Chronic Stress (WCS) Scale, Lifetime Discrimination Scale, Neighborhood Safety and Violence Scale [70–72]

Major events

Lifetime & recent exposure to major life events and trauma (e.g., bereavement, abuse)

Lifetime Adversity and Recent Life Event subscales of WCS [70]

Subjective

Perceived stressfulness of life over last month

Perceived Stress Scale [73]

Daily events

Exposure to daily hassles and stressors (e.g., arguments, deadlines, illness)

Adapted from Daily Inventory of Stressful Experiences [74]

URT

Event-related

Recurring thoughts about major stressor

Impact of Events Scale-Revised [75]

Dispositional

Tendency to ruminate or reflect

Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire [38]; White Bear Suppression Inventory [37]

Momentary

Experiencing recurring, unwanted, negative thoughts

Momentary Thought Questionnaire

Cognition

Laboratory

Working memory

Operation-span, Counting-span, Backward letter span

episodic memory

AVLT, Paired-associates, Card Memory Task

processing speed

Letter, Number and Symbol matching

fluid and crystallized intelligence

Ravens Progressive Matrices; Vocabulary

Ambulatory

Working memory (verbal, spatial), processing speed

See Fig. 2

Biomarkers

Laboratory

Basal inflammatory markers

Plasma cytokines: IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, GM-CSF; Plasma CRP

Ambulatory

LPS-stimulated cytokines

Plasma cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, GM-CSF

Stress-related hormones

Salivary cortisol sampled 4 times per day for the first 5 days of each burst

Plasma cortisol; Plasma DHEAS

Physical & Mental Health

Objective

Metabolic risk indicators

Lipid profiles; insulin; glucose

Subjective

Physical functioning, medical history, medication use, anxiety, depression, mood over last month, life satisfaction

PROMIS Physical Function Short Form-A, PROMIS Emotional Distress – Anxiety – Short Form 7-A, PROMIS Depression Short From 8-A, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Satisfaction with Life Scale [64, 76, 77]

Risk & Protective Factors

Risk

Neuroticism, social isolation, childhood adversity, anger

International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) Neuroticism subscale, PROMIS Social Isolation – Short Form-6a, Childhood Adversity subscale from WCS, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory [70, 78, 79]

Protective

Conscientiousness, social support, positive events, optimism, adult temperament, mindfulness

IPIP Conscientiousness subscale, PROMIS Emotional, Informational, and Instrumental Social Support – Short Forms-6a, Pleasant Events Schedule, Life Orientation Test, Adult Temperament Questionnaire, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire [64, 78, 80–83]

Demographics

Person

Age, race, ethnicity, gender

Demographic questionnaire

Context

income, work status, marital status, education