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Table 2 Risk of pulmonary embolism associated with antipsychotic drug use

From: Antipsychotic drug exposure and risk of pulmonary embolism: a population-based, nested case–control study

 

Cases (n = 232)

Controls (n = 4353)

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted* odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Category of antipsychotic exposure:

      

  Current

195 (84.1%)

2,956 (67.9%)

2.91 (1.48 - 5.73)

0.002

2.31 (1.16 - 4.59)

0.017

  Recent

28 (12.1%)

1,002 (23.0%)

1.24 (0.58 - 2.64)

0.585

0.96 (0.44 - 2.07)

0.910

  Past

9 (3.9%)

395 (9.1%)

1

 

1

 

Class of antipsychotic received: (within past 3 months)

      

  Conventional only

53 (22.8%)

507 (11.6%)

4.67 (2.27 - 9.61)

<0.001

3.52 (1.69 - 7.35)

0.001

  Atypical only

134 (57.8%)

2,386 (54.8%)

2.49 (1.26 - 4.93)

0.009

2.01 (1.01 - 4.03)

0.048

  Both

8 (3.4%)

63 (1.4%)

5.66 (2.11 - 15.17)

0.001

4.21 (1.53 - 11.59)

0.005

No of antipsychotic scripts received: (within past 3 months)

      

  1

96 (41.4%)

1,504 (34.6%)

2.82 (1.41 - 5.65)

0.003

2.19 (1.08 - 4.42)

0.029

  ≥2

99 (42.7%)

1,452 (33.4%)

3.01 (1.5 - 6)

0.002

2.44 (1.21 - 4.93)

0.013

No of different antipsychotic drugs received: (within past 3 months)

      

  1

178 (76.7%)

2,857 (65.6%)

2.74 (1.39 - 5.4)

0.004

2.19 (1.1 - 4.36)

0.025

  ≥2

17 (7.3%)

99 (2.3%)

7.68 (3.32 - 17.75)

<0.001

5.87 (2.48 - 13.89)

<0.001

DDDs: (within past 3 months)

      

  <15

82 (35.3%)

1,440 (33.1%)

2.48 (1.23 - 5)

0.011

1.96 (0.96 - 3.99)

0.064

  ≥15

113 (48.7%)

1,516 (34.8%)

3.31 (1.66 - 6.6)

0.001

2.62 (1.3 - 5.25)

0.007

Formulation: (within past 3 months)

      

  Oral

188 (81.0%)

2,822 (64.8%)

2.95 (1.5 - 5.81)

0.002

2.34 (1.17 - 4.64)

0.016

  Acute injection

5 (2.2%)

97 (2.2%)

2.28 (0.75 - 6.95)

0.147

2.05 (0.66 - 6.37)

0.215

  Long-acting injection

0 (0.0%)

22 (0.5%)

-

 

-

 
  1. *adjusted for psychiatric hospitalization, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, chronic liver disease, Parkinson’s disease, chronic renal disease, use of lithium, statins, NSAID, antiplatelet treatment, antidiabetic and antihypertensive treatment.
  2. reference category for all odds ratios.
  3. CI = confidence interval.
  4. DDDs = defined daily dose.