Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants (BiDirect Study, n = 1660)
Characteristics | BiDirect cohorts | p a | |
|---|---|---|---|
Population-based controls | Patients with depression | ||
(n = 820) | (n = 840) | ||
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||
Women, n (%) | 414 (50.5) | 497 (59.2) | <0.001 |
Age, years | 53.5 (46.3; 59.4) | 49.4 (43.9; 55.6) | <0.001 |
Married, n (%) | 531 (64.8) | 514 (61.2) | 0.13 |
Employed, n (%) | 655 (79.9) | 559 (66.6) | <0.001 |
University degree, n (%) | 326 (39.8) | 196 (23.3) | <0.001 |
Lifestyle factors | |||
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.1 (23.5; 29.4) | 27.9 (24.5; 31.6) | <0.001 |
Physical activity, MET-min. per week | 2302 (1181; 4259) | 1746 (878; 3360) | <0.001 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 175 (21.3) | 363 (43.2) | <0.001 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
History of diabetes mellitus | 27 (3.3) | 57 (6.8) | 0.001 |
History of hypertension | 224 (27.3) | 304 (36.2) | <0.001 |
History of myocardial infarction | 16 (2.0) | 14 (1.7) | 0.66 |
History of stroke | 11 (1.3) | 18 (2.1) | 0.21 |
History of cancer | 52 (6.3) | 54 (6.3) | 0.94 |
History of at least one of these comorbidities | 272 (33.2) | 364 (43.3) | <0.001 |
Psychiatric characteristics | |||
Depression severity, CES-D score | 8 (4; 14) | 29 (18; 37) | <0.001 |
Depression severity, HAM-D score | 14 (10; 19) | ||
Use of antidepressants, n (%) | 514 (61.2) | ||
Subtypes of depression | |||
Melancholic | 516 (61.4) | ||
Atypical | 42 (5.0) | ||
Mixed | 83 (9.9) | ||
Undifferentiated | 199 (23.7) | ||