Paper | Country and period of study (year) | Design | Setting | Diagnosis (%) | Mean age | % of men (N) | Total sample size | Agitated sample size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barlow K et al. 2000 [18] | Australia, 18 months (1996–1997) | Prospective observational study | 3 acute psychiatric units and 1 subacute unit | Schizophrenia (21.3) | 37 (range: 13–97) | 52.2 (663) | 1,096 | 174 |
Psychotic disorder (14.0) | ||||||||
Bipolar affective (7.2) | ||||||||
Adjustment disorder (18.5) | ||||||||
Depression (18.5) | ||||||||
Personality disorder (3.0) | ||||||||
Anxiety disorder (5.0) | ||||||||
Other (12.4) | ||||||||
Carr VJ et al. 2008 [19] | Australia, 12 months (n.a.) | Prospective observational study | 11 mental health units (8 general psychiatric units, 2 high-dependency units and 1 specialized unit) | Drug and alcohol disorder (44.6) | 37.1 (SD 14.4) | 55.0 (weighted percentage) (2,210) | 3,242 | 849 (Aggressive incidents: 363; Less serious aggressive incidents: 486) |
Schizophrenia or related disorder (38.0) | ||||||||
Depression (25.3) | ||||||||
Personality disorder (18.9) | ||||||||
Adjustment disorder (14.2) | ||||||||
Bipolar disorder (14.0) | ||||||||
Compton MT et al. 2006 [20] | USA, 7 months (2003–2004) | Retrospective database cohort study | 2 inpatient psychiatric units (a crisis stabilization unit (CSU) and a longer-stay milieu unit (LSMU)) | Schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders (65.0) | LSMU: 37.4 (SD 12.6) CSU: 40.8 (SD 11.8) | LSMU: 40.7 (60), CSU: 48.9 (43) | LSMU: 146; CSU: 88 | n.a. |
Unipolar depression (15.8) | ||||||||
Bipolar disorder (12.4) | ||||||||
Anxiety disorders (0.9) | ||||||||
Substance-related disorders (4.3) | ||||||||
Other (1.3) | ||||||||
Flood C et al. 2008 [13] | United Kingdom, 1 year (2005) | Epidemiological, cross-sectional study | 136 adult acute inpatient psychiatric wards | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | ||
Jaffe A et al. 2009 [21] | USA, 6 months (2005) | Retrospective database cohort study | 17 state-run adult civil facilities | Schizophrenia (41.4) | 41.5 (SD 13.6) | 63 (257) | 1,673 | 415 |
Schizoaffective (31.9) | ||||||||
Bipolar (10.4) | ||||||||
Depression (5.7) | ||||||||
Other (10.6) | ||||||||
Legris J et al. 1999[22] | Canada, n.a. (n.a.) | Retrospective database cohort study | Urban general hospital with two adult psychiatric wards and a special care unit | Schizophrenia (54) | 41 (SD 16) | 41 (35) | 85 | 41 |
Bipolar or schizoaffective (23) | ||||||||
Psychotic depression (12) | ||||||||
Other (11) | ||||||||
Mellesdal L 2003 [23] | Norway, 3 years (1997–2000) | Prospective observational study | Psychiatric acute ward | Affective disorders (34.7) | 41.1 (SD 15.5) | 51 (476) | 934 | 98 |
Schizophrenic disorders (19.2) | ||||||||
Alcohol/substance abuse (10.4) | ||||||||
Personality disorders (9.4) | ||||||||
Neurotic/stress-related somatoform disorders (7.1) | ||||||||
Other (19.2) | ||||||||
Peiró S et al. 2004 [24] | Spain, 6 months (1999–2001) | Retrospective database cohort study | Acute inpatient units from 8 general hospitals and psychiatric hospitals | Schizophrenic disorders (64.0) | 39.2 (SD 14.5) | 44.8 (56) | 200 | 175 |
Affective psychosis (22.0) | ||||||||
Paranoid states (4.5) | ||||||||
Other non-organic psychosis (8.5) | ||||||||
Transient organic psychosis (1.0) | ||||||||
Putkonen A et al. 2013 [26] | Finland, 6 months (2009) | Cluster-randomized controlled trial | Four high-security wards for men with psychotic illness. | Psychotic illness with a history of severe violence (100) | Control group: 40.0 (SD 10.6) Intervention group: 38.4 (SD 10.6) | 100 | Control group: 930–1,003 patient-days per month (38 beds) Intervention group: 1,306-1,400 patient-days per month (50 beds) | n.a. |
Steinert T et al. 1999 [25] | Germany, 4 years (1990–1993) | Retrospective database cohort study | Psychiatric hospital | Paranoid type schizophrenia (78.9) | 32.4 (SD 12.7) | 55.8 (77) | 138 | 96 |
Schizoaffective disorder (15.9) | ||||||||
Accompanying substance abuse (29.7) | ||||||||
Accompanying somatic disease (21.0) |