Table 1 Patient characteristics at baseline (6 months pre-index)

Length of follow-up, days (mean, SD)

993.5 (391.8)

989.3 (393.8)

999.3 (397.1)

.488

Gender, n (%)

  Male

2206 (53.1)

1,710 (53.6)

496 (51.2)

.190

Age at index date, years (mean, SD)

40 (13.7)

40.3 (13.6)

37.8 (13.6)

<.001

Psychiatric comorbidities, n (%)

  Depression

1090 (26.2)

806 (25.3)

284 (29.3)

.012

  Schizoaffective disorders

991 (23.8)

786 (24.7)

205 (21.2)

.026

  Anxiety disorders

441 (10.6)

336 (10.5)

105 (10.8)

.786

  Bipolar disorder

247 (5.9)

190 (6.0)

57 (5.9)

.934

  Personality disorders

128 (3.1)

94 (2.9)

34 (3.5)

.374

  Attention deficit disorder

114 (2.7)

83 (2.6)

31 (3.2)

.318

  Substance use disorder

83 (2.0)

59 (1.9)

24 (2.5)

.221

Psychiatric medications, n (%)

  Antidepressants

2016 (48.5)

1516 (47.6)

500 (51.7)

.025

  Sedatives or hypnotics

1623 (39.1)

1051 (33.0)

572 (40.9)

<.001

  Mood stabilizers

1073 (25.8)

794 (24.9)

279 (28.8)

.015

  Anti-anxiety medications

926 (22.3)

678 (21.3)

248 (25.6)

.004

  Stimulants and ADHD medications

40 (1.0)

32 (1.0)

8 (0.8)

.621

Mean (SD) Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index Score (range 0–16)

0.6 (1.0)

0.6 (1.0)

0.6 (0.9)

.546

Somatic medications, n (%)

  Anti-hyperlipidemic agents

623 (15.0)

490 (15.4)

133 (13.7)

.213

  Anti-hypertensive agents

502 (12.1)

408 (12.8)

94 (9.7)

.010

  Anti-thyroid agents

418 (10.1)

310 (9.7)

108 (11.2)

.194

  Anti-diabetic agents

358 (8.6)

275 (8.6)

83 (8.6)

.960

  Anti-Parkinson agents

60 (1.4)

37 (1.2)

23 (2.4)

.005

Random sample of patients with baseline disease severity data available from charts (n = 121), n (%)

  Mild

25 (20.7)

22 (23.2)

3 (11.5)

  Moderate

31 (25.6)

25 (26.3)

6 (23.1)

  Severe

65 (53.7)

48 (50.5)

17 (65.5)