Study | Participants | Acute phase interventions | Maintenance interventions | Follow-up | Definition of response | Other outcomes |
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Marks 1993 [20] | Diagnosis: DSM-III PD with AG Mean duration: 8 years Mean age: 35 years 81% female Psychiatric comorbidity: 10% current MDD, 30% past MDD, 10% social phobia, 25% specific phobia Physical comorbidity: unspecified | Duration: 16 weeks Weeks 0–8: benzodiazepine (alprazolam [A]) or pill-placebo (P), with live exposure (E) or with relaxation (R) (R = psychological-placebo). Weeks 9–16: A & P tapered to zero, no E or R given. i.e. 4 groups: AR, AE, PR, PE AR=bz alone AE=bz+psychotherapy PR=double placebo PE=psychotherapy alone 1. Benzodiazepine mean dose 5.8 mg/day) 2. Psychotherapy or placebo = 2 hours live exposure or relaxation 6 sessions | None | Assessments "at the end of acute treatment" gathered at 2 weeks after actual treatment termination. Long-term follow-up at 7 months after treatment termination. | 'Very much' or 'much' improved on Clinician's CGI. Numbers of responders calculated using normal curve [36] | Global severity of PD: 7-point CGI rated by assessors Panic attack: total number of major panics per week Agoraphobia: 4 phobic targets avoidance General anxiety: 14-item HAM-A Depression: 17-item HAM-D Social functioning: 9-point assessor-rated scale for work, social, and family adjustment |
Wardle 1994 [41] | Diagnosis: ICD-9 and DSM-III-R AG Mean duration: 11–12 years Mean age: 41–45 years in each arm 82% female Psychiatric co morbidity: Not specified Excluded if had comorbid heart disease, alcohol problems, drug abuse, pregnancy or anticipated pregnancy, or major psychotic illness | Duration: 16 weeks 16 weeks for benzodiazepine (with drug taper) and 8 weeks for psychotherapy (week 4–12) 1. Diazepam (the dose was kept to 5 mg/day unless the patient requested an increase) + BT (eight 2-hour sessions over a 7 week period by a clinical psychologists). Medication was tapered to zero from week 13 to 16. 2. BT + placebo drug | None | At 1, 6, 12 months after treatment discontinuation Patients were advised to continue self-exposure. After the acute treatment phase, all patients were withdrawn during 0–1 month after treatment discontinuation. No further treatment was offered over the follow-up period unless the patient's clinical condition necessitated intervention. | 50% reduction on MAL from the baseline by looking at the raw data | Global severity of panic disorder: MAL Panic attack: Panic frequency in past week Agoraphobia: MAL General anxiety: STAIS-T Depression: BDI Social functioning: Not applicable |