Table 11 DSM-5 criteria for panic attacks

• An abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and includes ≥4 of the following symptoms:

(1) Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate

(2) Sweating

(3) Trembling or shaking

(4) Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering

(5) Feelings of choking

(6) Chest pain or discomfort

(7) Nausea or abdominal distress

(8) Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, or faint

(9) Chills or heat sensations

(10) Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations)

(11) Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself)

(12) Fear of losing control or going crazy

(13) Fear of dying