Table 1 Characteristics of normal and delayed sleep onset phenotypes in depressed young people (N = 305)
Delayed n = 56 | Normal n = 249 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | % | Frequency | % | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Gender | .19 | |||||
Males | 18 | 32% | 59 | 24% | 1.5 (0.8 - 2.9) | |
Females | 38 | 68% | 190 | 76% | ||
Employment | .98 | |||||
Not in employment | 37 | 66% | 164 | 66% | 1.0 (0.1 - 1.8) | |
In employment | 19 | 34% | 85 | 34% | ||
Education | .01 | |||||
Not in education | 27 | 48% | 77 | 31% | 2.1 (1.2 - 3.8) | |
In education | 29 | 52% | 172 | 69% | ||
High Substance Risk | ||||||
Tobacco | 39 | 71% | 113 | 45% | 2.9 (1.6 - 5.5) | .001 |
Alcohol | 18 | 33% | 39 | 16% | 2.6 (1.4 - 5.1) | .003 |
Cannabis | 24 | 43% | 69 | 28% | 2.0 (1.1 - 3.6) | .03 |
Sleep quality | ||||||
Poor sleep quality | 42 | 75% | 171 | 69% | 1.4 (0.7 - 2.7) | .35 |
Good sleep quality | 14 | 25% | 78 | 31% | ||
Fatigue | ||||||
Persistent fatigue | 9 | 16% | 50 | 20% | 1.3 (0.6 - 2.9) | .49 |
Non-persistent fatigue | 47 | 84% | 199 | 80% | ||
x̅ | SD | x̅ | SD | MD (95% CI) | ||
Age | 18.5 | 2.3 | 18.3 | 3.1 | 0.2 (-0.5 - 0.9) | .60 |
Hours spent in bed | 6.7 | 2.7 | 8.8 | 2.1 | -2.0 (-2.8 - -1.3) | .000 |
Self-reported sleep duration (hrs) | 5.9 | 2.3 | 6.9 | 2.1 | -1.0 (-1.6 - -0.4) | .002 |
Calculated sleep duration (hrs) | 5.8 | 2.7 | 7.8 | 2.3 | -2.0 (-2.8 - -1.2) | .000 |
Minutes taken to fall asleep | 85.2 | 68.0 | 68.9 | 56.9 | 16.3 (-0.9 - 33.6) | .06 |
Fun-seeking | 8.1 | 2.8 | 9.0 | 2.7 | -0.9 (-1.7 - -0.1) | .03 |
Drive | 10.2 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 2.7 | -0.1 (-0.9 - 0.7) | .80 |
Reward Responsiveness | 9.8 | 3.0 | 9.6 | 2.8 | 0.2 (-0.6 - 1.0) | .65 |
Inhibition | 12.0 | 4.8 | 11.4 | 3.8 | 0.7 (-0.5 - 1.8) | .24 |
Rumination | 33.3 | 6.5 | 32.1 | 5.5 | 1.2 (-0.4 - 2.9) | .15 |
Depression | 15.3 | 3.6 | 14.9 | 3.2 | 0.4 (-0.6 - 1.3) | .42 |
Anxiety | 13.9 | 5.2 | 13.0 | 5.0 | 0.9 (-0.6 - 2.3) | .24 |
Mania | 5.1 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 0.5 (-1.0 - 2.1) | .50 |
Psychological Distress | 36.2 | 7.7 | 34.7 | 7.2 | 1.5 (-0.6 - 3.6) | .16 |
Suicidal Ideation | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 8.8 | -0.6 (-3.2 - 2.0) | .64 |
SOFAS score | 58.7 | 10.0 | 62.3 | 10.0 | -3.6 (-6.5 - -0.7) | .02 |
WHODAS score | 19.9 | 9.6 | 17.6 | 8.7 | 2.2 (-0.4 - 4.9) | .09 |
Quality of life | 2.5 | 1.1 | 2.6 | .9 | -0.1 (-0.4 - 0.1) | .31 |