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Table 2 Methodological and ethical concerns of the studies

From: Methodological and ethical challenges in studying patients’ perceptions of coercion: a systematic mixed studies review

Author, year country

Design

Data collection methods

Patient recruitment

Participants (population and sample size)

Ethical approval

Patient informed consent asked

Patient refusal

Non participation

Qualitative

        

Wadeson et al. 1976 [35] USA

Descriptive study with 1 year follow-up

Observations and discussions

Voluntary participation

Acute, hospitalized schizophrenic patients (N = 62, n = 41 secluded)

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Binder et al. 1983 [36] USA

Explorative study

Semi-structured interviews with open-ended and fixed-choice questions

Recruited by researcher

Acute, hospitalized patients (^^, n = 27)

Not mentioned

Consent asked

3 refused

Not mentioned

Outlaw & Lowery 1994 [37] USA

Descriptive study

Unstructured interview

Recruited by researcher after nurse evaluation

Acute, hospitalized restrained patients* (N = 84, n = 84)

Not mentioned

Verbal consent asked by researcher and witnessed by staff member

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Johnson 1998 [7] USA

Descriptive study

Unstructured interview

Not explained

Acute, hospitalized, restrained patients (^^n = 10)

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Gallop et al. 1999 [8] Canada

Descriptive study

Semi - structured interview

Voluntary participation, posted by treatment centres

Former hospitalized women (^^n = 10)

Not mentioned

Informed written consent asked by researcher after the interview

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Meehan et al. 2000 [38] Australia

Descriptive study

Semi - structured interview

Not explained

Acute, hospitalized secluded patients (^^n = 12)

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Hoekstra et al. 2004 [39] Netherlands

Descriptive study

Semi – structured interviews

Not explained

Former hospitalized outpatients (^^n = 8)

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent asked by researcher

One refused

Not mentioned

Holmes et al. 2004 [40] Canada

Descriptive study

Unstructured interviews

Not explained

Acute, hospitalized, psychotic, secluded patients (^^n = 6)

Not mentioned

Informed consent asked by researcher

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Wynn 2004 Norway

Descriptive study

Unstructured interview

Recruited by researcher

Acute, hospitalized patients (^^n = 12)

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent by researcher

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Chien et al. 2005 [12] China

Descriptive study

Semi – structured interview with open-ended questions

Recruited by researcher

Acute, hospitalized and first time restraint patients (^^n = 30)

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent by researcher

18 refused

50 non participated

Ryan & Happell 2009 [41] Australia

Action research

Unstructured interviews with open-ended questions

Volunteer, recruited in information session by researcher

Patients with former experience of seclusion (n =4)*

Research and Ethics Committee

Informed consent by researcher

18 refused

Not mentioned

Mayers et al. 2010 [42] South Africa

Descriptive and explorative study

Focus group followed by semi - structured interviews with questionnaire

Not explained

Service users earlier hospitalized (N = 43, n = 43)

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent by researcher

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Sibitz et al. 2011 [43] Austria

Descriptive study

Semi – structured interviews with open-ended questions

Voluntary participation, provided by written information

Service users earlier hospitalized in stable psychiatric condition (^^n = 15)

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent by researcher

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Kontio et al. 2012 [44] Finland

Descriptive study

Focus group interviews with open-ended question

Recruited by staff

Acute, hospitalized patients (N = 120, n = 30)

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent by staff

16 refused

27 non participated

Quantitative

        

Soliday 1985 [45] USA

Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study

Self-reported questionnaire

Not explained

Acute, hospitalized patients* (N = 146, n =86)

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Hamill et al. 1989 [46] USA

Explorative study

Structured interview with questionnaire

Recruited by staff

Acutely psychotic, schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients (N = 26, n = 17)

Not mentioned

Consent asked by staff

9 refused

Not mentioned

Mann et al. 1993 [47] USA

Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study

Self-reported questionnaire

Not explained

Acute, hospitalized patients with various diagnosis on voluntary unit (^^n =50)

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Kennedy et al. 1994 [48] USA

Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study

Structured interview with questionnaire

Recruited by researcher after nurse evaluation

Acute, hospitalized schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients (^^n = 25)

Ethics committee

Informed written consent asked by researcher

2 patients

Not mentioned

Ray et al. 1996 [49] USA

Cross-sectional mail survey, descriptive study

Self-reported structured questionnaire by mail

Voluntary participation

Former hospitalized patients (^^n = 1040)

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Meehan et al. 2004 [10] Australia

Cross-sectional survey, explorative study

Self-reported standardized questionnaire

Recruited by research assistance

Acute hospitalized patients* (^^n = 29)

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent asked by assistance

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Sorgaard [50] 2004 Norway

Intervention study 5 week baseline and 12 week intervention phase

Self –reported standardized questionnaires

Recruited by staff members before discharge

Acute, hospitalized patients (^^n = 190)

Not mentioned

Informed by staff members

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Frueh et al. 2005 [13] USA

Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study

Self – reported questionnaires

Recruited by researcher

Randomly selected patients in day hospital programme (N = 156, n = 142)

Review boards approvals

Informed written consent and 25 $paid by researchers

14 refused

Not mentioned

Stolker et al 2006 [51] Netherlands

Explorative study

Thematic interview and self-reported structured questionnaire

Not explained

Acute, hospitalized patients (N = 72, n = 54)

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent was obtained by researcher

Not mentioned

6 non participated

Steinert et al. 2007 [52] Germany

Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study

Self – reported questionnaire

Not explained

Acute, hospitalized schizophrenia patients (N = 173, n = 117)

Not mentioned

Informed consent asked by researcher

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

El-Badri et al. 2008 [53] New Zealand

Cross-sectional survey, descriptive, comparative study

Self-reported questionnaire

Not explained

Randomly selected outpatients (n = 111)*

Not mentioned

Not explained

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Veltkamp et al. 2008 [54] Netherlands

Exploratory study

Self-reported questionnaire

Recruited by researcher

Acute, hospitalized patients (N = 141, n = 104)

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent

24 refused

38 non participated

Whittington et al. 2009 [55] UK

Cross-sectional survey, exploratory study

Self-reported questionnaire

Recruited by staff

Randomly selected acute hospitalized patients (N = 1361)*

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent obtained by staff

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Keski-Valkama et al. 2010 [56] Finland

Comparative descriptive follow-up study

Structured interview with questionnaire

Recruited and condition evaluated by staff

Hospitalized forensic and acute, hospitalized patients (N = 154, n = 106) in baseline and (n = 83) in follow-up

Ethics Committee

Informed written consent by staff

48 refused

16 non participated

Kjellin & Wallsten 2010 [57] Sweden

Comparative descriptive follow-up study

Structured interviews with questionnaire

Not explained

Acute, hospitalized involuntary and randomly selected patients (N = 375, n =282) in baseline and in follow-up (n = 233)

Ethics Committee

Not mentioned

93 refused

Not mentioned

Bergk et al. [11] Germany

Randomized controlled trial

Semi-structured interview with questionnaire

Randomly and non randomly selected and recruited by researchers

Acute, hospitalized patients (N = 233, n = 108)

Ethical Review board

Informed written consent by researcher

32 refused

Not mentioned

Currier et al. [58] USA

Comparative explorative follow-up study

Self-reported structured questionnaire

Not explained

Acute, emergency patients (N = 151, n = 67 restrained and n = 84 unrestrained)

Human Subject Review Board

Agreement mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Georgieva et al. 2012 [59] Netherlands

Explorative study

Self-reported questionnaire

Not explained

Acute hospitalized, first time admitted patients (N = 161, n = 161)

Institution of Board Directors

Not mentioned

75 refused

Not mentioned

  1. *Both patients and staff were participants.
  2. ^^Number of total eligible participants was missing.
  3. Mentioned non participation due to e.g. quick discharge, exclusion criteria, patients’ condition.