Author, year country | Design | Data collection methods | Patient recruitment | Participants (population and sample size) | Ethical approval | Patient informed consent asked | Patient refusal | Non participation₫ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qualitative | ||||||||
Wadeson et al. 1976 [35] USA | Descriptive study with 1 year follow-up | Observations and discussions | Voluntary participation | Acute, hospitalized schizophrenic patients (N = 62, n = 41 secluded) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Binder et al. 1983 [36] USA | Explorative study | Semi-structured interviews with open-ended and fixed-choice questions | Recruited by researcher | Acute, hospitalized patients (^^, n = 27) | Not mentioned | Consent asked | 3 refused | Not mentioned |
Outlaw & Lowery 1994 [37] USA | Descriptive study | Unstructured interview | Recruited by researcher after nurse evaluation | Acute, hospitalized restrained patients* (N = 84, n = 84) | Not mentioned | Verbal consent asked by researcher and witnessed by staff member | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Johnson 1998 [7] USA | Descriptive study | Unstructured interview | Not explained | Acute, hospitalized, restrained patients (^^n = 10) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Gallop et al. 1999 [8] Canada | Descriptive study | Semi - structured interview | Voluntary participation, posted by treatment centres | Former hospitalized women (^^n = 10) | Not mentioned | Informed written consent asked by researcher after the interview | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Meehan et al. 2000 [38] Australia | Descriptive study | Semi - structured interview | Not explained | Acute, hospitalized secluded patients (^^n = 12) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Hoekstra et al. 2004 [39] Netherlands | Descriptive study | Semi – structured interviews | Not explained | Former hospitalized outpatients (^^n = 8) | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent asked by researcher | One refused | Not mentioned |
Holmes et al. 2004 [40] Canada | Descriptive study | Unstructured interviews | Not explained | Acute, hospitalized, psychotic, secluded patients (^^n = 6) | Not mentioned | Informed consent asked by researcher | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Wynn 2004 Norway | Descriptive study | Unstructured interview | Recruited by researcher | Acute, hospitalized patients (^^n = 12) | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent by researcher | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Chien et al. 2005 [12] China | Descriptive study | Semi – structured interview with open-ended questions | Recruited by researcher | Acute, hospitalized and first time restraint patients (^^n = 30) | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent by researcher | 18 refused | 50 non participated |
Ryan & Happell 2009 [41] Australia | Action research | Unstructured interviews with open-ended questions | Volunteer, recruited in information session by researcher | Patients with former experience of seclusion (n =4)* | Research and Ethics Committee | Informed consent by researcher | 18 refused | Not mentioned |
Mayers et al. 2010 [42] South Africa | Descriptive and explorative study | Focus group followed by semi - structured interviews with questionnaire | Not explained | Service users earlier hospitalized (N = 43, n = 43) | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent by researcher | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Sibitz et al. 2011 [43] Austria | Descriptive study | Semi – structured interviews with open-ended questions | Voluntary participation, provided by written information | Service users earlier hospitalized in stable psychiatric condition (^^n = 15) | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent by researcher | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Kontio et al. 2012 [44] Finland | Descriptive study | Focus group interviews with open-ended question | Recruited by staff | Acute, hospitalized patients (N = 120, n = 30) | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent by staff | 16 refused | 27 non participated |
Quantitative | ||||||||
Soliday 1985 [45] USA | Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study | Self-reported questionnaire | Not explained | Acute, hospitalized patients* (N = 146, n =86) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Hamill et al. 1989 [46] USA | Explorative study | Structured interview with questionnaire | Recruited by staff | Acutely psychotic, schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients (N = 26, n = 17) | Not mentioned | Consent asked by staff | 9 refused | Not mentioned |
Mann et al. 1993 [47] USA | Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study | Self-reported questionnaire | Not explained | Acute, hospitalized patients with various diagnosis on voluntary unit (^^n =50) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Kennedy et al. 1994 [48] USA | Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study | Structured interview with questionnaire | Recruited by researcher after nurse evaluation | Acute, hospitalized schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients (^^n = 25) | Ethics committee | Informed written consent asked by researcher | 2 patients | Not mentioned |
Ray et al. 1996 [49] USA | Cross-sectional mail survey, descriptive study | Self-reported structured questionnaire by mail | Voluntary participation | Former hospitalized patients (^^n = 1040) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Meehan et al. 2004 [10] Australia | Cross-sectional survey, explorative study | Self-reported standardized questionnaire | Recruited by research assistance | Acute hospitalized patients* (^^n = 29) | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent asked by assistance | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Sorgaard [50] 2004 Norway | Intervention study 5 week baseline and 12 week intervention phase | Self –reported standardized questionnaires | Recruited by staff members before discharge | Acute, hospitalized patients (^^n = 190) | Not mentioned | Informed by staff members | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Frueh et al. 2005 [13] USA | Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study | Self – reported questionnaires | Recruited by researcher | Randomly selected patients in day hospital programme (N = 156, n = 142) | Review boards approvals | Informed written consent and 25 $paid by researchers | 14 refused | Not mentioned |
Stolker et al 2006 [51] Netherlands | Explorative study | Thematic interview and self-reported structured questionnaire | Not explained | Acute, hospitalized patients (N = 72, n = 54) | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent was obtained by researcher | Not mentioned | 6 non participated |
Steinert et al. 2007 [52] Germany | Cross-sectional survey, descriptive study | Self – reported questionnaire | Not explained | Acute, hospitalized schizophrenia patients (N = 173, n = 117) | Not mentioned | Informed consent asked by researcher | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
El-Badri et al. 2008 [53] New Zealand | Cross-sectional survey, descriptive, comparative study | Self-reported questionnaire | Not explained | Randomly selected outpatients (n = 111)* | Not mentioned | Not explained | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Veltkamp et al. 2008 [54] Netherlands | Exploratory study | Self-reported questionnaire | Recruited by researcher | Acute, hospitalized patients (N = 141, n = 104) | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent | 24 refused | 38 non participated |
Whittington et al. 2009 [55] UK | Cross-sectional survey, exploratory study | Self-reported questionnaire | Recruited by staff | Randomly selected acute hospitalized patients (N = 1361)* | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent obtained by staff | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Keski-Valkama et al. 2010 [56] Finland | Comparative descriptive follow-up study | Structured interview with questionnaire | Recruited and condition evaluated by staff | Hospitalized forensic and acute, hospitalized patients (N = 154, n = 106) in baseline and (n = 83) in follow-up | Ethics Committee | Informed written consent by staff | 48 refused | 16 non participated |
Kjellin & Wallsten 2010 [57] Sweden | Comparative descriptive follow-up study | Structured interviews with questionnaire | Not explained | Acute, hospitalized involuntary and randomly selected patients (N = 375, n =282) in baseline and in follow-up (n = 233) | Ethics Committee | Not mentioned | 93 refused | Not mentioned |
Bergk et al. [11] Germany | Randomized controlled trial | Semi-structured interview with questionnaire | Randomly and non randomly selected and recruited by researchers | Acute, hospitalized patients (N = 233, n = 108) | Ethical Review board | Informed written consent by researcher | 32 refused | Not mentioned |
Currier et al. [58] USA | Comparative explorative follow-up study | Self-reported structured questionnaire | Not explained | Acute, emergency patients (N = 151, n = 67 restrained and n = 84 unrestrained) | Human Subject Review Board | Agreement mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Georgieva et al. 2012 [59] Netherlands | Explorative study | Self-reported questionnaire | Not explained | Acute hospitalized, first time admitted patients (N = 161, n = 161) | Institution of Board Directors | Not mentioned | 75 refused | Not mentioned |