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Table 1 Characteristics of hospitalizations for patients with and without schizophrenia among medical and surgical hospitalizations, Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2003 to 2008 ab

From: Schizophrenia and potentially preventable hospitalizations in the United States: a retrospective cross-sectional study

  

With

Without

  

schizophrenia

schizophrenia

Characteristic

(n = 182,423)

(n = 15,092,914)

Median age, years

49.4

48.8

(inter-quartile range)

41.7-56.1

39.0-56.6

Sex, %

   
 

Male

55.0

47.1

 

Female

45.0

52.9

Race, %

  
 

White

43.6

49.0

 

Black

21.9

13.0

 

Hispanic

6.7

8.4

 

Other or missing

27.8

29.7

Insurance type, %

  
 

Medicare

47.4

15.5

 

Medicaid

35.2

15.8

 

Private

8.8

52.6

 

Other

8.6

16.2

Median household income

  

quartile for patient ZIP code, % c

  
 

Quartile 1 (lowest)

42.3

29.8

 

Quartile 2

26.4

26.1

 

Quartile 3

19.0

23.3

 

Quartile 4 (highest)

12.3

20.8

Region of country for hospital, %

  
 

Northeast

22.5

19.4

 

Midwest

24.7

22.6

 

South

35.7

40.5

 

West

17.1

17.5

Teaching hospital (vs. non-teaching)

49.6

47.6

Urban hospital location (vs. rural)

88.0

87.5

Hospital bed size d

  
 

Small

12

11.5

 

Medium

25.3

24.3

 

Large

62.7

64.2

Hospital volume, % e

  
 

Quartile 1 (lowest)

27.7

24.9

 

Quartile 2

26.1

25.0

 

Quartile 3

23.3

25.0

 

Quartile 4 (highest)

22.9

25.0

Admission source, %

  
 

Emergency room

76.7

57.2

 

Court or law enforcement

0.3

0.1

 

Routine or other

23.0

42.7

Hospitalization characteristics, %

  
 

Elective admission (vs. non-elective) f

10.7

28.0

 

Medical admission (vs. surgical)

71.3

54.6

 

Against medical advice

3.5

1.6

 

Death in hospital

1.6

1.4

Comorbid illness, %

  
 

Congestive heart failure

6.4

3.8

 

Hypertension

40.2

36.6

 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

25.1

14.0

 

Liver disease

4.4

3.1

 

Rheumatoid arthritis or collagen vascular diseases

1.0

2.0

 

Diabetes mellitus or obesity

31.2

24.6

 

Any malignancy

2.2

3.8

 

HIV/AIDS

0.9

0.5

 

Deficiency anemia

13.4

10.1

 

Alcohol abuse

9.6

5.3

 

Drug abuse

11.6

4.2

 

Any substance abuse

17.4

8.3

Median length of stay, days

3.1

2.3

(inter-quartile range)

1.5-5.9

1.1-4.4

  1. a Results are nationally weighted and account for stratified sampling.
  2. b All characteristics are significantly different except urban/rural and bed size for 18–64; urban/rural, liver for 65+ group.
  3. c Quartile cut-offs vary from year to year. Please see documentation at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov.
  4. d Cutoff points for bed size were made so that approximately one-third of the hospitals in a given region, location, and teaching status combination would fall within each bed size category.
  5. e Cut-offs for hospital volume quartiles in all hospitalizations are 8722, 16746, and 26080; among 18–64 they are 9676, 18033, and 27707; and among 65+ they are 7870, 15494, and 24577.
  6. f Non-elective admissions include emergency, urgent, newborn, delivery, and trauma.