|  | With | Without |
---|---|---|---|
 |  | schizophrenia | schizophrenia |
Characteristic | (n = 182,423) | (n = 15,092,914) | |
Median age, years | 49.4 | 48.8 | |
(inter-quartile range) | 41.7-56.1 | 39.0-56.6 | |
Sex, % | Â | Â | Â |
 | Male | 55.0 | 47.1 |
 | Female | 45.0 | 52.9 |
Race, % | Â | Â | |
 | White | 43.6 | 49.0 |
 | Black | 21.9 | 13.0 |
 | Hispanic | 6.7 | 8.4 |
 | Other or missing | 27.8 | 29.7 |
Insurance type, % | Â | Â | |
 | Medicare | 47.4 | 15.5 |
 | Medicaid | 35.2 | 15.8 |
 | Private | 8.8 | 52.6 |
 | Other | 8.6 | 16.2 |
Median household income | Â | Â | |
quartile for patient ZIP code, % c | Â | Â | |
 | Quartile 1 (lowest) | 42.3 | 29.8 |
 | Quartile 2 | 26.4 | 26.1 |
 | Quartile 3 | 19.0 | 23.3 |
 | Quartile 4 (highest) | 12.3 | 20.8 |
Region of country for hospital, % | Â | Â | |
 | Northeast | 22.5 | 19.4 |
 | Midwest | 24.7 | 22.6 |
 | South | 35.7 | 40.5 |
 | West | 17.1 | 17.5 |
Teaching hospital (vs. non-teaching) | 49.6 | 47.6 | |
Urban hospital location (vs. rural) | 88.0 | 87.5 | |
Hospital bed size d | Â | Â | |
 | Small | 12 | 11.5 |
 | Medium | 25.3 | 24.3 |
 | Large | 62.7 | 64.2 |
Hospital volume, % e | Â | Â | |
 | Quartile 1 (lowest) | 27.7 | 24.9 |
 | Quartile 2 | 26.1 | 25.0 |
 | Quartile 3 | 23.3 | 25.0 |
 | Quartile 4 (highest) | 22.9 | 25.0 |
Admission source, % | Â | Â | |
 | Emergency room | 76.7 | 57.2 |
 | Court or law enforcement | 0.3 | 0.1 |
 | Routine or other | 23.0 | 42.7 |
Hospitalization characteristics, % | Â | Â | |
 | Elective admission (vs. non-elective) f | 10.7 | 28.0 |
 | Medical admission (vs. surgical) | 71.3 | 54.6 |
 | Against medical advice | 3.5 | 1.6 |
 | Death in hospital | 1.6 | 1.4 |
Comorbid illness, % | Â | Â | |
 | Congestive heart failure | 6.4 | 3.8 |
 | Hypertension | 40.2 | 36.6 |
 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 25.1 | 14.0 |
 | Liver disease | 4.4 | 3.1 |
 | Rheumatoid arthritis or collagen vascular diseases | 1.0 | 2.0 |
 | Diabetes mellitus or obesity | 31.2 | 24.6 |
 | Any malignancy | 2.2 | 3.8 |
 | HIV/AIDS | 0.9 | 0.5 |
 | Deficiency anemia | 13.4 | 10.1 |
 | Alcohol abuse | 9.6 | 5.3 |
 | Drug abuse | 11.6 | 4.2 |
 | Any substance abuse | 17.4 | 8.3 |
Median length of stay, days | 3.1 | 2.3 | |
(inter-quartile range) | 1.5-5.9 | 1.1-4.4 |