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Table 5 Multivariable Regression for Depression Symptom Severity (Total BDI-Ia Score)

From: Prevalence of depression and associated risk factors among persons with type-2 diabetes mellitus without a prior psychiatric history: a cross-sectional study in clinical settings in urban Nepal

Variables

Predictors for total BDI score

  

Beta

(95% CI)

P Value

Intercept

-29.92

-38.81, -21.03

<0.001

Sex (female)

 

0.67

-0.34, 1.67

0.34

Age (years)

 

-0.01

-0.05, 0.03

0.72

Religion (Hindu)

 

-0.81

-2.21, 0.59

0.26

Ethnicity

High Caste Hindu

Ref.

  

Newar

-0.86

-2.23, 0.50

0.21

Hill indigenous (Janajati)

-1.21

-2.75, 0.33

0.12

Occupational castes (Dalit)

-0.40

-3.34, 2.54

0.79

All others

0.93

-0.72, 2.58

0.27

Marital status (married)

0.69

-0.45, 1.84

0.24

Years of education

 

-0.06

-0.13, 0.02

0.14

Monthly income (thousand rupees)

0.03

0.01, 0.04

<0.001

Family type (nuclear)

1.60

0.21, 3.00

0.03

Total family members

0.20

-0.00, 0.38

0.05

No known parental history of DM

1.48

0.33, 2.62

0.01

Family history of HTN

-0.75

-1.89, 0.38

0.19

History of HTN

 

-0.31

-1.34, 0.72

0.55

Smoking

Never

Ref.

  

Past

-1.05

-2.40, 0.29

0.12

Current

0.08

-1.32, 1.48

0.91

Alcohol use

Never

Ref.

  

Past

-0.22

-1.58, 1.14

0.75

Current

-0.63

-2.07, 0.81

0.39

Treatment modality for DM

Oral

Ref.

  

All insulin

1.74

0.60, 2.88

<0.001

All other

-0.81

-2.32, 0.68

0.29

Non-adherence

 

1.05

0.02, 2.08

0.05

DM complication

 

1.19

0.18, 2.21

0.02

Erectile dysfunction

4.74

1.94, 7.53

<0.01

BP Systolic (mmHg)

0.13

0.08, 0.17

<0.001

BP Diastolic (mmHg)

0.14

0.08, 0.20

<0.001

WHR

 

9.12

2.47, 15.77

0.01

HbA1c (%)

 

2.08

1.76, 2.41

<0.001

  1. R2 = .4, F = 15, df = 369, p < 0.001.
  2. Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; BP, blood pressure; mmHg, millimeters of mercury; BMI, body mass index; Kg/m2, kilograms per meter squared; WHR, waist-hip ratio; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.
  3. Note: 1000 Nepali Rupee is equivalent to approximately 10 US dollars.