Psychological distress and quality of life in older persons: relative contributions of fixed and modifiable risk factors

Table 1 Demographic, health and lifestyle factors for nursing home (n = 108), hostel (n = 205) and community (n = 313) sample of elderly persons

	Residential status			Group comparison	Multiple comparisons
	Nursing home (NH)	Hostel (H)	Community (C)		NH vsH Z	NH vsC Z	H vsC Z
Gender (female) % (n)	57.4 (62)	58.0 (119)	57.8 (181)	0.0
Income (< $30,000 per annum) % (n)	83.1 (59)	75.0 (87)	70.8 (165)	4.3
QOL scores (good/v. good/excellent) % (n)	56.3 (58)	61.2 (115)	83.8 (244)	43.4**	0.7	32.2^b	31.3^b
K10 score (10–50) med (IQR)	14.0 (9.0)	14.0 (7.0)	12.0 (4.0)	29.1**	−0.02	−3.7^b	−4.9^b
Age (years) med (IQR)	83.2 (14.9)	82.2 (12.6)	80.8 (4.9)	8.6*	−4.5	−2.1	−2.6^a
Physical health burden (0–5) med (IQR)	1.0 (2.0)	1.0 (1.0)	1.0 (1.0)	6.7*	−1.1	−0.9	−2.6^a
Functional limitations (0–100) med (IQR)	10.0 (68.3)	30.0 (50.0)	70.0 (55.0)	91.9**	−2.9^b	−7.2^b	−8.1^b
Physical activity (mins per week) med (IQR)	60.0 (420.0)	150.0 (495.0)	270.0 (629.0)	32.2**	−2.0	−5.1	−4.1^b
Sleep (hours per day) med (IQR)	9.0 (5.0)	8.0 (3.0)	8.0 (2.0)	12.4**	−1.5	−3.2^b	−2.4^a
Time outdoors (hours per week) med (IQR)	7.0 (20.0)	9.0 (18.8)	16.0 (19.0)	45.9**	−2.0	−5.8^b	−5.1^b
Social support (scaled scores) med (IQR)	8.0 (3.0)	8.0 (2.5)	9.0 (2.0)	27.6**	−0.2	−3.6^b	−4.8^b
Alcohol (drinks per week) med (IQR)	0 (3.8)	0 (3.0)	2.0 (7.0)	21.5**	−0.2	−3.3^b	−4.1^b
Sitting (hours per day) med (IQR)	8.0 (7.0)	7.0 (6.0)	5.0 (3.0)	34.3**	−1.4	−5.4^b	−4.1^b

Note: Kruskal Wallis non-parametric tests used due to skewed and/or unequal distributions, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; Multiple comparisons for continuous/ordinal data conducted with Mann Whitney U, Test (Z statistic reported), with a Bonferroni correction to the alpha level of 0.05/3 (0.017) and for categorical data conducted with Chi Squared. ^a denotes p < 0.017, ^b denotes p <0.01.
NH, nursing home; H, hostel; C, community; med, median; IQR, Interquartile Range.

ISSN: 1471-244X