Long-acting methylphenidate formulations in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review of head-to-head studies

Table 1 Summary of long-acting methylphenidate (MPH) formulations

MPH formulation	Synonyms	Product availability	Modified-release technology	Immediate-release: extended-release ratio (%)	Duration of action^a
Biphentin^® [10]	MPH ER	Canada	Multilayer-release (MLR) bead formulation	40:60	Not stated: biphasic delivery profile
Concerta^® [12]	Concerta extended release; Concerta^® LP; methylphenidate hydrochloride; OROS MPH	Africa^b, Asia^c, Australia, Europe^d, New Zealand, North America^e, South America^f	OROS^® (Osmotic Release Oral System)	22:78	12 hours
Daytrana^® [13]	MPH transdermal system; MethyPatch; MTS	USA	Transdermal patch	Continuous delivery	9 hours
Equasym XL^® [11]	Equasym Depot^®; Equasym Retard^®, Equasym XR^®, Quasym LP^®; Metadate CD^®; Metadate ER^®	Europe^g, South Korea, USA	Diffucaps^®	30:70	8 hours
Focalin XR^® [7]	d-MPH-ER	Switzerland, USA^h	SODAS^® (Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System)	50:50	Not stated: two distinct peaks approximately 4 hours apart
Medikinet^® retard [9]	Medikinet^®; Medikinet^® CR; Medikinet^® EM; Medikinet^® MR; Medikinet^® XL	Europeⁱ, Israel, Korea, South America^j	Modified-release capsules	50:50	8 hours
Ritalin LA^® [6]	Ritalin LP^®; Miacalcic	France, Chile, USA^h	SODAS^® (Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System)	50:50	Not stated: two distinct peaks approximately 4 hours apart
Ritalin SR^® [5]	n/a	Canada, USA^h	Wax matrix	Continuous release	8 hours

^aDuration of action as stated in the prescribing information.
^bBotswana, Brazil, Egypt, Namibia, Nicaragua, South Africa.
^cBahrain, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan Province of China, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
^dAustria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK.
^eBahamas, Barbados, Canada, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA.
^fArgentina, Aruba, Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.
^gDenmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK.
^hInformation obtained from Thomson Cortellis™.
ⁱAustria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK.
^jArgentina, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras.

ISSN: 1471-244X