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Table 2 Multiple linear regression - prediction of posttraumatic stress (IES-R 1 ) at 6 months postdisaster, N = 674

From: Posttraumatic stress and symptom improvement in Norwegian tourists exposed to the 2004 tsunami – a longitudinal study

 

Step 1 Background

Step 2 + exposure and peritraumatic reactions

Step 3 + personality factors

Step 4 + post-disaster factors

 

β2

t

p-value

β2

t

p-value

β2

t

p-value

β2

t

p-value3

Female

0.15

3.71

<0.001

0.09

2.59

0.010

0.08

2.13

0.034

0.10

2.63

0.009

Age at time of tsunami (years)

0.01

0.27

0.786

0.08

2.18

0.030

0.10

2.81

0.005

0.09

2.65

0.008

High educational level

−0.13

−3.38

0.001

−0.09

−2.58

0.010

−0.04

−1.16

0.245

−0.04

−0.98

0.327

Unemployed (pre-disaster)

0.11

2.76

0.006

0.12

3.37

0.001

0.11

3.15

0.002

0.08

2.40

0.017

Living alone (pre-disaster)

−0.06

−1.44

0.150

0.01

0.20

0.84

−0.02

−0.44

0.657

−0.02

−0.65

0.515

Pre-tsunami mental health problems

0.06

1.60

0.111

0.05

1.28

0.195

−0.05

−1.34

0.179

−0.04

−1.17

0.241

Chased or caught by the waves

 

0.19

5.23

<0.001

0.18

5.19

<0.001

0.18

5.00

<0.001

Witnessed abandoned children, death or suffering of others

 

0.23

6.34

<0.001

0.24

6.82

<0.001

0.23

6.57

<0.001

Loss of family members or close friends

 

0.11

3.04

0.003

0.09

2.66

0.008

0.09

2.68

0.008

Experienced intense fear, helplessness, or horror (peritraumatic fear)

 

0.28

7.67

<0.001

0.25

7.04

<0.001

0.24

6.83

<0.001

Extraversion (I)

    

−0.05

−1.30

0.194

−0.02

−0.59

0.558

Agreeableness (II)

    

0.04

1.04

0.298

0.05

1.37

0.171

Conscientiousness (III)

    

−0.08

−2.02

0.044

−0.09

−2.14

0.032

Emotional stability (IV)

    

−0.25

−5.74

<0.001

−0.24

−5.45

<0.001

Openness (V)

    

<0.01

0.05

0.959

<0.01

0.10

0.922

Social support

       

−0.14

−4.12

<0.001

  1. 1Impact of Event Scale Revised.
  2. 2Standardized partial regression coefficient, indicate the effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable controlled for all the other independent variables in the regression model.
  3. 3P-values <0.05 are highlighted with bold script in the final step.