Step 1 Background | Step 2 + exposure and peritraumatic reactions | Step 3 + personality factors | Step 4 + post-disaster factors | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β2 | t | p-value | β2 | t | p-value | β2 | t | p-value | β2 | t | p-value3 | |
Female | 0.15 | 3.71 | <0.001 | 0.09 | 2.59 | 0.010 | 0.08 | 2.13 | 0.034 | 0.10 | 2.63 | 0.009 |
Age at time of tsunami (years) | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.786 | 0.08 | 2.18 | 0.030 | 0.10 | 2.81 | 0.005 | 0.09 | 2.65 | 0.008 |
High educational level | −0.13 | −3.38 | 0.001 | −0.09 | −2.58 | 0.010 | −0.04 | −1.16 | 0.245 | −0.04 | −0.98 | 0.327 |
Unemployed (pre-disaster) | 0.11 | 2.76 | 0.006 | 0.12 | 3.37 | 0.001 | 0.11 | 3.15 | 0.002 | 0.08 | 2.40 | 0.017 |
Living alone (pre-disaster) | −0.06 | −1.44 | 0.150 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.84 | −0.02 | −0.44 | 0.657 | −0.02 | −0.65 | 0.515 |
Pre-tsunami mental health problems | 0.06 | 1.60 | 0.111 | 0.05 | 1.28 | 0.195 | −0.05 | −1.34 | 0.179 | −0.04 | −1.17 | 0.241 |
Chased or caught by the waves | 0.19 | 5.23 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 5.19 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 5.00 | <0.001 | |||
Witnessed abandoned children, death or suffering of others | 0.23 | 6.34 | <0.001 | 0.24 | 6.82 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 6.57 | <0.001 | |||
Loss of family members or close friends | 0.11 | 3.04 | 0.003 | 0.09 | 2.66 | 0.008 | 0.09 | 2.68 | 0.008 | |||
Experienced intense fear, helplessness, or horror (peritraumatic fear) | 0.28 | 7.67 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 7.04 | <0.001 | 0.24 | 6.83 | <0.001 | |||
Extraversion (I) | −0.05 | −1.30 | 0.194 | −0.02 | −0.59 | 0.558 | ||||||
Agreeableness (II) | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.298 | 0.05 | 1.37 | 0.171 | ||||||
Conscientiousness (III) | −0.08 | −2.02 | 0.044 | −0.09 | −2.14 | 0.032 | ||||||
Emotional stability (IV) | −0.25 | −5.74 | <0.001 | −0.24 | −5.45 | <0.001 | ||||||
Openness (V) | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.959 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 0.922 | ||||||
Social support | −0.14 | −4.12 | <0.001 |