Table 7 Summary of associations between depression (exposure of interest) and diet, presented by year of publication
From: The association between diet quality, dietary patterns and depression in adults: a systematic review
Author, country, year | Type of diet (outcome) | Adjusted for confounders | Results | p value | Summary of associations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional | |||||
Pagoto et al., USA, 2009 [24] | Healthy Eating | Age, sex, smoking | −2.03 (0.60) † | 0.001 | Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating |
Beydoun et al., USA, 2009 [32] | Healthy Eating | Age, poverty status, education, marital status, smoking | White males: | ||
(CES-D)–0.25 (0.08) † | <0.05 | Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating | |||
(CES-D ≥16)–3.44 (1.62) † | NS* | Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating | |||
(CES-D ≥20)–2.82 (1.99) † | <0.05 | No association | |||
White females: | |||||
(CES-D)–0.19 (0.07) † | <0.05 | Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating | |||
(CES-D ≥16)–3.45 (1.26) † | Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating | ||||
(CES-D ≥20)–3.93 (1.46) † | Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating | ||||
Beydoun et al., USA, 2009 [32] | Healthy Eating | Age, poverty status, education, marital status, smoking | African American males: | ||
(CES-D)–0.03 (0.07) † | NS* | No association | |||
(CES-D ≥16)–0.08 (1.22) † | NS* | No association | |||
(CES-D ≥20)–0.90 (1.52) † | NS* | No association | |||
African American females: | |||||
(CES-D)–0.10 (0.06) † | <0.1 | No association | |||
(CES-D ≥16)–1.24 (1.04) † | NS* | No association | |||
(CES-D ≥20)–1.22 (1.20) † | NS* | No association | |||
Beydoun and Wang, USA, 2010 [33] | Healthy Eating | Age, race/ethnicity, marital status, food insecurity, education, poverty income ratio | Males: −3.29 (2.12) † | NS* | No association |
Females: −2.63 (1.96) † | NS* | No association | |||
Castellanos et al., USA, 2011 [39] | Fat intake | Age, income, education, fruit/vegetable intake, time in USA | −0.23 (0.14) † | 0.12 | No association |
Castellanos et al., USA, 2011 [39] | Fruit and Vegetable consumption | Age, income, education, fat consumption, time in USA | −0.30 (0.09) † | <0.05 | Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of fruit and vegetable consumption |
Crawford et al., USA, 2011 [40] | Frequency of fast food consumption | Age, race, marital status, education, household income, BMI, smoking, physical activity, anti-depressant use | C1: Referent | S* | Depressive symptoms associated with greater fast food consumption |
C2: 1.54 (1.06, 2.25) |