Table 4 Summary of associations between traditional dietary patterns and depression, presented by year of publication, and author
From: The association between diet quality, dietary patterns and depression in adults: a systematic review
Author, country, year | Type of diet | Adjusted for confounders | Results (G = group, T = tertile, C = category, Q = quartile,) | p for trend | Summary of associations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2009 [36] | Mediterranean | Age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, employment | C1: Referent | <0.001 | Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet associated with reduced odds of self-reported depression |
C2: 0.74 (0.57, 0.98) | |||||
C3: 0.66 (0.50, 0.86) | |||||
C4: 0.49 (0.36, 0.67) | |||||
C5: 0.58 (0.44, 0.77) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2009 [36] | Mediterranean | Age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, employment, excluding participants with early depression | C1: Referent | <0.001 | Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet associated with reduced odds of self-reported depression |
C2: 0.73 (0.50, 1.06) | |||||
C3: 0.56 (0.38, 0.83) | |||||
C4: 0.42 (0.27, 0.66) | |||||
C5: 0.50 (0.33, 0.74) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2009 [36] | Mediterranean | Age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, employment, excluding participants using antidepressant medication during follow up without physician diagnosis | C1: Referent | 0.007 | Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet associated with reduced odds of self-reported depression |
C2: 0.79 (0.57, 1.09) | |||||
C3: 0.67 (0.48, 0.93) | |||||
C4: 0.56 (0.39, 0.80) | |||||
C5: 0.69 (0.50, 0.96) | |||||
Okubu et al., Japan, 2011 [23] | Japanese | Age, gestation, parity, smoking, change in diet in preceding month, family structure, occupation, family income, education, season, BMI, time of delivery, medical problems during pregnancy, sex and birth weight of baby | Q1: Referent | 0.59 | No association |
Q2: 0.56 (0.30, 1.02) | |||||
Q3: 1.14 (0.66, 1.96) | |||||
Q4: 0.96 (0.56, 1.64) | |||||
Cross-sectional | |||||
Mamplekou, Mediterranean Islands, 2010 [28] | Mediterranean | Age, sex, BMI, living alone, financial status, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, education, alcohol, retired, urban/rural area | G1: 1.00 (ref) | NS* | No association |
G2: 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | |||||
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22] | Japanese | Age, sex, workplace | T1: Referent | <0.001 | Increased adherence to Japanese diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms |
T2: 0.90 (0.57, 1.41) | |||||
T3: 0.39 (0.23, 0.67) | |||||
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22] | Japanese | Age, sex, workplace, marital status, BMI, job position, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, total energy intake | T1: Referent | 0.006 | Increased adherence to Japanese diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms |
T2: 0.99 (0.62, 1.59) | |||||
T3: 0.44 (0.25, 0.78) | |||||
Jacka et al., Norway, 2011 [8] | Norwegian | Age, income, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy consumption | Males: | Increased adherence to Norwegian diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms for males | |
C1: Referent | |||||
C2: 0.77 (0.61, 0.96) | 0.02 | ||||
Females: | No association for females | ||||
C1: Referent | |||||
C2: 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) | 0.51 |