Table 5 Prevalence (% [n/N]) of emotional and behavioural symptoms among the copycats and in a sample of adolescent psychiatric inpatients and one of outpatients, and risk (OR, 95% confidence intervals) for emotional and behavioural symptoms according to sample (inpatients vs. copycats, and outpatients vs. copycats), controlled for age and sex
From: The copycat phenomenon after two Finnish school shootings: an adolescent psychiatric perspective
Symptom | Copycats | Inpatients | Outpatients | Inpatients vs. Copycats | Outpatients vs. Copycats | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | p | OR (95% Cl) | p | OR (95% Cl) |
suicidal ideation & talk | 45.5 (35/77) | 63.1 (118/187) | 34.8 (69/198) | 0.006 | 1.5 (0.8-2.9) | 0.07 | 0.4 (0.12- 0.7) |
suicide attempt | 2.6 (2/77) | 19.8 (37/187) | 2.5 (5/198) | <0.001 | 3.8 (0.8-17.0) | 0.62 | 0.7 (0.09-5.4) |
self-harming behaviours | - | 40.1 (78/187) | 23.2 (46.198) | <0.001 | n.a. | <0.001 | n.a. |
psychotic symptoms | 23.4 (18/77) | 48.7 (91/187) | 23.7 (47/198) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.1- 4.3) | 0.47 | 0.6 (0.3-1.3) |
depression | 62.3 (48/77) | 74.9 (140/187) | 56.9 (118/198) | 0.03 | 1.5 (0.8-2.8) | 0.42 | 0.5 (0.3-1.0) |
manic behaviour | 1.3 (1/77) | 6.4 (12/187) | 0.5 (1/198) | 0.07 | 10.7 (2.2- 98.8) | 0.48 | 0.2 (0.003-8.2) |
hostile behaviour | 40.3 (31/77) | 26.7 (50/187) | 12.6 (25/198) | 0.02 | 1.0 (0.5-1.9) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.3-1.3) |
temper tantrums | 51.9 (40/77) | 15.0 (28/187) | 9.1 (18/198) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.1-0.5) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.08-0.4) |
violent behaviour | 40.3 (31/77) | 28.3 (53/187) | 14.1 (28/198) | 0.04 | 1.1 (0.6-2.1) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.3-1.2) |
breaking property | 41.6 (32/77) | 10.2 (19/186) | 7.6 (15/198) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.1-0.6) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.1-0.7) |
inappropriate sexual behaviour | - | 8.0 (15/187) | 10.1 (20/198) | 0.03 | n.a. | 0.001 | n.a. |
alcohol abuse | 24.7 (19/77) | 32.1 (60/187) | 28.8 (57/198) | 0.22 | 1.4 (0.7-2.8) | 0.32 | 1.0 (0.5-2.2) |
substance use | 7.8 (6/77) | 13.9 (26/187) | 7.6 (15/198) | 0.12 | 1.0 (0.3-3.1) | 0.55 | 0.7 (0.2-2.4) |
truancy/school refusal | 11.7 (9/77) | 36.9 (69/187) | 30.3 (60/198) | <0.001 | 5.7 (2.5- 13.1) | 0.001 | 3.0 (1.2- 7.3) |
property crimes | - | 9.6 (18/187) | 6.6/13/198) | 0.002 | n.a. | 0.01 | n.a. |
eating disorder symptoms | 7.9 (6/77) | 23.5 (44/187) | 26.8 (53/198) | 0.002 | 1.6 (0.6-4.5) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.4-3.8) |
isolation | 24.7 (19/77) | 5.3 (10/187) | 20.2 (40/198) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.4-1.3) | 0.24 | 0.8 (0.4-1.7) |
impulse control problems | 59.7 (46/77) | 3.2 (6/187) | 21.7 (24/198) | <0.001 | 0.03 (0.01-0.08) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.2-0.8) |
running away | 7.8 (6/77) | 13.9 (26/187) | 7.1 (14/198) | 0.12 | 1.4 (0.5-4.1) | 0.50 | 1.2 (0.4-4.3) |
attention problems | 39.0 (30/77) | 0.5 (1/187) | 26.3 (52/198) | <0.001 | 0.004 (<0.001-0.04) | 0.02 | 1.0 (0.5-2.0) |
anxiety | 64.9 (50/77) | 9.6 (18/187) | 61.6 (122/198) | <0.001 | 0.03 (0.01-0.09) | 0.31 | 0.3 (0.1-0.6) |