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Table 5 Prediction of depression and anxiety in adulthood for adolescents with depression and somatic symptoms

From: Prognostic significance of functional somatic symptoms in adolescence: a 15-year community-based follow-up study of adolescents with depression compared with healthy peers

Outcome: ≥2 episodes or >6 month duration of MDD in adulthood

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Abdominal pain

3.2

1.41–7.42

3.3

1.40–7.56

3.2

1.35–7.27

Perspiration

3.1

1.12–8.35

3.4

1.2–9.45

  

Feeling chilly

1.9

1.00–3.49

    

Anhedonia

  

2.5

1.43–4.51

  

Long-term depression (>1 year duration)

    

3.5

1.91–6.28

Outcome: any anxiety disorder at follow-up

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

OR

CI

OR

CI

OR

CI

Abdominal pain

2.6

1.19–5.57

3.0

1.33–6.77

2.3

1.02–5.01

Tiredness

2.0

1.13–3.52

2.4

1.29–4.34

  

Headache

  

0.4

0.27-0.96

  

Worthlessness

  

2.1

1.09–3.90

  

Troubled thoughts

  

1.9

1.01–3.59

  

Long-term depression (>1 year duration)

    

3.9

2.12–7.04

  1. Notes: Only significant results are shown.
  2. Model 1 includes the 15 most common somatic symptoms according to SCI and sex.
  3. Model 2 adds 9 DSM-IV depression criteria.
  4. Model 3 adds long-term depression (double depression vs. dysthymia, episodic major depression, and subclinical depression), family adversities (conflicts between parents, conflicts with parents, physical abuse at home, economic hardship and parental unemployment), suicidal behavior (suicidal plans or attempts), disruptive disorder (conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder) and drug abuse.