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Table 5 Non-traumatic and traumatic experiences in Bougainville Veterans and subsequent physical and psychological health outcomes (n=1704)

From: Traumatic events, other operational stressors and physical and mental health reported by Australian Defence Force personnel following peacekeeping and war-like deployments

 

K10

PCL-C

Symptoms

K10>29 n (%)

Odds Ratio 95% CIA

PCL-C>49 n (%)

Odds Ratio 95% CIA

Mean (SD)

Ratio of means 95% CIB

Objective stressors

      

0

38 (4.8)

1 (Reference)

28 (3.6)

1 (Reference)

13.0 (10.6)

1 (Reference)

1

17 (6.4)

1.06 (0.55, 2.03)

16 (6.5)

1.15 (0.55, 2.42)

14.2 (11.1)

0.96 (0.87, 1.06)

2-3

21 (6.4)

0.98 (0.52, 1.85)

24 (7.6)

1.31 (0.67, 2.57)

15.6 (12.6)

0.98 (0.89, 1.07)

4+

20 (7.1)

0.91 (0.46, 1.80)

24 (8.9)

1.06 (0.52, 2.15)

18.1 (13.1)

1.05 (0.94, 1.17)

Test for trend p-value

 

0.79

 

0.76

 

0.60

Subjective stressors

      

0

24 (4.4)

1 (Reference)

12 (2.3)

1 (Reference)

11.1 (9.9)

1 (Reference)

1

9 (5.4)

1.10 (0.45, 2.71)

12 (7.5)

2.91 (1.08, 7.85)

13.4 (11.1)

1.08 (0.95, 1.24)

2-3

22 (4.8)

0.89 (0.44, 1.77)

16 (3.6)

1.07 (0.43, 2.68)

14.3 (10.5)

1.09 (0.99, 1.21)

4+

44 (8.6)

1.17 (0.58, 2.36)

55 (11.1)

2.51 (1.06, 5.95)

19.0 (13.2)

1.20 (1.08, 1.33)

Test for trend p-value

 

0.75

 

0.08

 

0.001

Separation stressors

      

8

11 (3.5)

1 (Reference)

6 (2.0)

1 (Reference)

9.6 (9.3)

1 (Reference)

9-11

17 (4.0)

0.75 (0.32, 1.78)

9 (2.2)

0.47 (0.15, 1.49)

11.9 (9.9)

1.04 (0.93, 1.17)

12-15

18 (3.8)

0.42 (0.16, 1.07)

20 (4.3)

0.42 (0.13, 1.31)

14.8 (11.0)

1.09 (0.97, 1.23)

16-40

53 (12.5)

1.01 (0.39, 2.57)

56 (13.8)

0.66 (0.21, 2.10)

20.7 (12.9)

1.07 (0.94, 1.23)

Test for trend p-value

 

0.60

 

0.72

 

0.27

Culture stressors

      

10

11 (3.5)

1 (Reference)

3 (1.0)

1 (Reference)

8.0 (7.6)

1 (Reference)

11-13

22 (3.9)

0.76 (0.32, 1.79)

14 (2.6)

1.58 (0.38, 6.48)

12.9 (9.9)

1.29 (1.15, 1.45)

14-17

20 (4.8)

0.65 (0.24, 1.75)

21 (5.3)

1.97 (0.44, 8.83)

15.9 (10.9)

1.32 (1.15, 1.52)

18-50

44 (12.8)

1.20 (0.40, 3.57)

56 (16.8)

3.71 (0.78, 17.7)

22.3 (13.5)

1.44 (1.22, 1.70)

Test for trend p-value

 

0.48

 

0.03

 

<0.001

Other people stressors

      

11-12

7 (2.1)

1 (Reference)

3 (0.9)

1 (Reference)

8.6 (7.9)

1 (Reference)

13-16

18 (3.9)

2.26 (0.79, 6.44)

11 (2.4)

1.70 (0.37, 7.83)

12.0 (9.5)

1.09 (0.97, 1.23)

17-21

27 (6.0)

2.80 (0.85, 9.26)

21 (4.8)

2.14 (0.41, 11.17)

15.4 (10.5)

1.10 (0.96, 1.26)

22-55

47 (11.9)

3.54 (0.97, 12.90)

59 (15.5)

4.31 (0.78, 23.83)

22.0 (13.7)

1.14 (0.96, 1.34)

Test for trend p-value

 

0.09

 

0.02

 

0.18

Work frustration stressors

      

5

15 (2.9)

1 (Reference)

7 (1.4)

1 (Reference)

9.7 (8.7)

1 (Reference)

6-7

17 (4.4)

1.16 (0.51, 2.67)

13 (3.4)

1.32 (0.42, 4.15)

13.1 (10.2)

1.08 (0.97, 1.20)

8-10

14 (3.7)

0.68 (0.26, 1.72)

14 (3.8)

0.91 (0.27, 2.99)

15.6 (10.6)

1.15 (1.03, 1.29)

11-25

55 (13.9)

2.04 (0.83, 4.98)

61 (16.1)

2.38 (0.75, 7.56)

21.9 (13.7)

1.17 (1.03, 1.33)

Test for trend p-value

 

0.08

 

0.04

 

0.01

  1. A adjusted for age (20-29, 30-39, 40+), Sex, Service, Rank (officer or enlisted) and quartiles of traumatic and non-traumatic stress.
  2. B adjusted for age (20-29, 30-39, 40+), Sex, Service, Rank (officer or enlisted), K10 and quartiles of traumatic and non-traumatic stress.