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Table 2 Summary of results

From: Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: an updated metanalysis of the scientific evidence

     Outcome

N Studies

N Total cases

N SG

N CG

CG/SG*100

Effect Size C.I. 95%

PS

I2

1 Memory functioning

128

       

1.1 Measures of Memory Efficiency

47

3,432

2,066

1,366

66.12

−1.22 [-1.44, -1.01]*

0.81

86%*

1.2 Measures of Memory Functioning (inpatients only)

17

1,183

630

553

87.78

−1.21 [-1.63, -0.80]*

0.80

90%*

1.3 Measures of Memory Functioning (outpatients only)

16

1,162

678

484

71.39

−1.83 [-2.35, -1.31]*

0.90

92%*

1.4 Digit Span

31

2,092

1,209

883

73.04

−0.67 [-0.81, -0.53]*

0.68

51% **

1.5 LTM

45

5,045

2,801

2,244

80.11

−1.14 [-1.32, -0.96]*

0.79

87%*

1.6 STM

56

5,405

3,032

2,373

78.26

−1.05 [-1.18, -0.92]*

0.77

77%*

2 Global cognitive functioning

131

       

2.1 Measures of IQ

102

8,416

4,760

3,656

76.81

−0.96 [-1.07, -0.85]*

0.75

80%*

2.2 Measures of IQ (inpatients only)

27

1,800

894

906

101.34

−1.04 [-1.25, -0.82]*

0.77

77%*

2.3 Measures of IQ (outpatients only)

27

2,274

1,355

919

67.82

−0.83 [-1.00, -0.66]*

0.72

69%*

2.4 premorbid IQ

48

3,568

2,049

1,519

74.13

−0.57 [-0.70, -0.43]*

0.65

70%*

3 Language

70

       

3.1 Verbal Tasks

70

6,396

3,962

2,434

61.43

−0.99 [-1.10, -0.87]*

0.76

74%*

4 Executive function

67

       

4.1 Measures of Flexibility

67

5,257

2,867

2,390

83.36

−1.10 [-1.27, -0.92]*

0.78

88%*

5 Attention

76

       

5.1 Reaction Time

76

5,333

2,852

2,481

86.99

0.99 [0.86, 1.12]*

0.76

77%*

5.2 Attention (inpatients only)

19

1,399

811

588

72.50

1.34 [0.93, 1.76]*

0.83

91%*

5.3 Attention (outpatients only)

21

1,417

771

646

83.79

1.02 [0.70, 1.34]*

0.76

86%*

  1. SG = Patients with Schizophrenia Group; CG normal control cases group.
  2. CG/SG*100: percentage of control cases with respect of patients.
  3. PS = probability of superiority; I2 = percentage of heterogeneity.
  4. * p < .00001; ** p < .00008.