Table 2 Parental attachment, personality characteristics, and mental health status of patients with AD + HY, with AD–HY, and controls (N = 917)

Personality characteristics

Extroversion

6.08 (4.23)

4.47 (3.94)

9.31 (3.50)

F = 155.53

Hyperventilation < Control; MD = −0.32, p < 0.001

p < .001

Hyperventilation > Adjustment; MD = 1.61, p < 0.001

Adjustment < Control; MD = −4.85, p < 0.001

Neuroticism

7.86 (3.08)

9.26 (2.34)

3.00 (3.04)

F = 473.74

Hyperventilation > Control; MD = 4.86, p < 0.001

p < .001

Hyperventilation < Adjustment; MD = −1.39, p < 0.001

Adjustment > Control; MD = 6.26, p < 0.001

Parental bonding

Maternal care

22.75 (6.04)

21.34 (7.63)

25.42 (6.39)

F = 34.29

Hyperventilation < Control; MD = −2.67, p < 0.001

p < .001

Hyperventilation > Adjustment; MD = 1.41, p = 0.110

Adjustment < Control; MD = −4.08, p < 0.001

Maternal protection

14.72 (6.54)

15.29 (6.89)

10.92 (6.06)

F = 48.76

Hyperventilation > Control; MD = 3.81, p < 0.001

p < .001

Hyperventilation < Adjustment; MD = −0.56, p = 1.00

Adjustment > Control; MD = 4.37, p < 0.001

Paternal care

19.07 (6.88)

16.59 (7.48)

22.86 (6.78)

F = 73.02

Hyperventilation < Control; MD = −3.79, p < 0.001

p < .001

Hyperventilation > Adjustment; MD = 2.48, p = 0.001

Adjustment < Control; MD = −6.27, p < 0.001

Paternal protection

14.47 (5.54)

15.50 (6.20)

10.68 (5.81)

F = 66.49

Hyperventilation > Control; MD = 3.79, p < 0.001

p < .001

Hyperventilation < Adjustment; MD = −1.03, p = 2.47

Adjustment > Control; MD = 4.82, p < 0.001

Mental health

6.62 (3.51)

7.45 (3.49)

1.00 (1.88)

F = 574.44

Hyperventilation > Control; MD = 5.63, p < 0.001

p < .001

Hyperventilation < Adjustment; MD = −0.83, p = 0.008

Adjustment > Control; MD = 6.46, p < 0.001