Evaluation of behavioral changes and subjective distress after exposure to coercive inpatient interventions

BMC Psychiatry

Table 4 Results from regression analyses investigating the associations between effectiveness and subjective distress (CES) of patients experienced individual and combined interventions with other clinical and demographical variables (codes: combined interventions (1); individual interventions (0); only models with at least one significant predictor beyond baseline scores, are reported here)

Dependent variables	Change score Effectiveness			Subjective distress : Mean scores Coercion Experience Scale (CES)
Dependent variables	SDAS	Uncooperative-ness	Lack of insight into the illness	Total score	Factor Humiliation	Factor Physical adverse effects	Factor Separation	Factor Negative environment	Factor Fear	Factor Coercion
Independent variables1	df(4;94)	df(3;95)	df(3;95)	df(4;69)	df(3;70)	df(3;71)	df(2;74)	df(4;70)	df(3;71)	df(2;75)
Independent variables1	R² = 0.4***	R² = 0.4***	R² = 0.3***	R² = 0.26***	R² = 0.13*	R² = 0.3***	R² = 0.18**	R² = 0.3***	R² = 0.16**	R² = 0.09*
	Unstandardized coefficients	Unstandardized coefficients	Unstandardized coefficients	Unstandardized coefficients	Unstandardized coefficients	Unstandardized coefficients	Unstandardized coefficients	Unstandardized coefficients	Unstandardized coefficients	Unstandardized coefficients
Combination	−2.9	−0.4	−0.02	0.3	0.4	0.4*	0.9***	0.07	0.07	.3
Female gender	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	0.6**	0.6*	0.8***	0.7*	0.8***	0.6**	n.s.
Age	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	−0.02**	−0.02*	−0.03***	n.s.	−0.02**	n.s.	n.s.
Voluntary status at admission	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	−0.5*	n.s.	n.s.
Coercive experience during previous admissions	3.3*	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Psychotic disorder	4*	0.97**	0.7*	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Pressure applied from the staff at the start of the measure	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	0.06*	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	0.09*	0.1*
Baseline score of SDAS, uncooperativeness and lack of insight, respectively	−0.7***	−0.7***	−0.6***	N/A²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

* significant at the 0.05 level; ** significant at the 0.01 level; *** significant at the 0.001 level
¹ Independent variables excluded from all stepwise regression analyses: married status, ethnical minority & coercive experience during previous admissions; ² N/A not applicable.

ISSN: 1471-244X