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Table 1 Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics divided in four groups according to the applied coercive intervention(s) during the first 24 h

From: Evaluation of behavioral changes and subjective distress after exposure to coercive inpatient interventions

Demographic and Clinical characteristics

  

Coercive experience

 

Variable

N*

Group 1

Seclusion only

Group 2

Involuntary medication only

Group 3

Combined

Seclusion & medication

Group 4

Combined Seclusion & mechanical restraint

P

N = 62

N = 18

N = 34

N = 11**

 

N (%)/Mean (SD)

N (%)/Mean (SD)

N (%)/Mean (SD)

N (%)/Mean (SD)

 

Male gender

125

36(58%)

11(61%)

24(71%)

10(91%)

0.2

Mean age

125

36(12)

38(13)

39(13)

35(15)

0.6

Married status: single

118

45(48%)

15(16%)

25(27%)

9 (10%)

0.7

Ethnicity

      

1st & 2nd generation immigrants

120

13(22%)

5(28%)

7(22%)

3(27%)

0.9

Legal status upon admission

      

Involuntary commitment

119

37(65%)

12(67%)

24(73%)

9(82%)

0.7

Coercive experience during previous admissions

106

19(36%)

2(13%)

17(63%)

5(46%)

0.01¹

Patients and their diagnosis***

119

     

Psychotic disorder

46

16(27%)

7(39%)

17(53%)

6(60%)

0.045 2

Mood disorder

39

20(34%)

6(33%)

12(38%)

1(10%)

0.4

Personality disorder

14

5(9%)

6(33%)

3(9%)

0

-

Addiction

31

19(32%)

5(28%)

4(13%)

3(30%)

0.2

PTSD

5

3(5%)

0

2(6%)

0

-

Oral (versus intramuscular) administration of medication

52

X

14(78%)

12(43%)

2(50%)

0.08

Level of coercion at the start of the measure

115

3.6(3)

3(3)

4.8(3)

5.8(3.8)

0.08

Mean duration seclusion episode in hours****

105

21(31)

X

31(38)

65(67)

0.13

Mean score GAF

      

Pre-measurement

125

44 (9)

41 (9)

41 (11)

35 (12)

0.03 3

Post-measurement

122

60(16)

54(16)

54(14)

54(20)

0.2

Change score****

122

16(14)

12(15)

14(15)

19(20)

0.3

Mean score Uncooperativeness (PANSS)

      

Pre-measurement*****

125

5(1.5)

5(1.5)

6(1.4)

6(1)

0.001 4

Post-measurement

119

3(1)

4(2)

3(2)

4(2)

0.4

Change score

119

−1.7(1.7)

−1(1.9)

−2.5(2)

−2(2)

0.1

Mean score Lack of judgment and Insight (PANSS)

      

Pre-measurement*****

125

5(1.5)

5(1.5)

6(1.6)

6(0.9)

0.001 5

Post-measurement

119

3.5(1)

4.3(1.9)

4.2(1.7)

4.8(1.6)

0.03

Change score

119

−1.2(1.5)

-.9(1.7)

−1.6(1.7)

−1.4(1.8)

0.5

Mean score SDAS

      

Pre-measurement

125

18(9)

18(7)

21(8)

22(10)

0.2

Post-measurement****

119

7(7)

11(9)

8(8)

10(12)

0.5

Change score

119

−11(9)

−7(9)

−13(9)

−14(9)

0.1

  1. * The n and the percentage of respondents vary across the variables, because some of the clinical files were incomplete.
  2. ** This includes one patient who received extra involuntary medication and 3 patients who received prn medication.
  3. *** 20% of the patients had more than one diagnose.
  4. **** Analyses were conducted with the logarithmic transformed scores to normalize the distribution.
  5. ***** Non-parametric tests (Kruskal Wallis & Mann Whitney U) were used.
  6. Post-hoc analyses:
  7. ¹ Group 3 differs significantly from group 1 & group 2.
  8. 2 Group 1 differs significantly from group 3.
  9. 3 Group 1 differs significantly from group 4.
  10. 4 Group 1 & 2 differs significantly from group 3 & group 4.
  11. 5 Group 1 differs significantly from group 3 & group 4; group 2 differs significantly from group 4.
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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