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Table 2 The multilevel regression model of depressive symptoms a and PHQ-6 scores with demographic variables b, life stress, family satisfaction, and neighborhood cohesion in those with chronic conditions (N = 6,195)

From: Depressive symptoms in people with chronic physical conditions: prevalence and risk factors in a Hong Kong community sample

Variables

PHQ-9 scores

PHQ-6 scores

 

Unstandardized coefficients

Std. Error

Standardized coefficients

t

Unstandardized coefficients

Std. Error

Standardized coefficients

t

Age (years)

0.00 c

0.00

0.02

1.39

0.00 c **

0.00

0.04

2.84

Gender (female vs. male)

0.55***

0.08

0.09

7.31

0.15**

0.05

0.04

3.21

Marital status (unmarried vs. married)

0.19*

0.02

0.03

2.06

0.16**

0.06

0.03

2.75

Number of chronic conditions

0.54***

0.04

0.15

11.97

0.27***

0.03

0.12

9.54

Body mass index (kg/m2)

−0.05***

0.01

−0.07

−5.21

−0.02**

0.01

−0.04

−3.20

Alcohol problem drinking (yes vs. no)

0.36*

0.18

0.03

2.06

0.11

0.11

0.01

1.01

Physical activity (more active vs. less active)

−0.23**

0.08

−0.04

−2.76

−0.15*

−0.05

−0.04

−2.91

Life stress

3.84***

0.10

0.46

36.54

2.30***

0.07

0.44

35.0

Family satisfaction

−0.11***

0.01

−0.12

−9.53

−0.05***

0.01

−0.10

−7.61

Gender by family satisfaction interaction

−0.05*

0.02

−0.03

−2.20

−0.03*

0.01

−0.02

−2.25

Neighborhood cohesion

−0.22***

0.06

−0.04

3.47

−0.16***

0.04

0.05

−3.99

Living alone (yes vs. no)

0.18

0.12

0.02

1.46

0.09

0.08

0.02

1.19

R2 for the full model d

        
  1. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
  2. a Depressive symptoms were measured by the PHQ-9.
  3. b Variables that were significant in bivariate analyses were entered as independent variables in the multilevel regression analysis.
  4. c The coefficients were small and below two decimals.
  5. d Intra-class correlation within family was 0.12 for both PHQ-9 and PHQ-6.