Skip to main content

Table 3 Total healthcare costs during pre- and post-index periods among al l GAD patients newly started on benzodiazepines, by age*

From: Change in healthcare utilization and costs following initiation of benzodiazepine therapy for long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a retrospective cohort study

 

Patient Age

All Patients (N=866)

<50 Years (N=568)

≥50 Years (N=298)

Pre-Index

Post-Index

P-Value

Pre-Index

Post-Index

P-Value

Pre-Index

Post-Index

P-Value

Pharmacotherapy

         

 Mean (SD)

583 (1,660)

1,295 (1,789)

<0.01

829 (1,446)

1,873 (2,318)

<0.01

668 (1,593)

1,494 (2,005)

<0.01

 Median (IQR)

154 (0, 661)

813 (450, 1,497)

---

397 (17, 1,061)

1,217 (640, 2,165)

---

215 (3, 817)

917 (483, 1,695)

---

Outpatient services

         

 Outpatient office visits

         

  Accident-related

         

   Mean (SD)

437 (2,368)

518 (1,757)

0.46

591 (2,203)

749 (2,687)

0.27

490 (2,312)

598 (2,125)

0.22

   Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

  Other possibly related

         

   Mean (SD)

287 (2,101)

418 (1,695)

0.19

297 (1,627)

624 (2,901)

0.04

290 (1,950)

489 (2,187)

0.02

   Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

  All of above

         

   Mean (SD)

552 (2,416)

766 (2,095)

0.07

701 (2,221)

1,099 (3,425)

0.03

603 (2,351)

881 (2,633)

<0.01

   Median (IQR)

0 (0, 42)

0 (0, 422)

---

0 (0, 78)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 78)

0 (0, 315)

---

  All other

         

   Mean (SD)

802 (2,300)

1,228 (2,913)

<0.01

1,331 (2,939)

1,840 (3,502)

0.03

984 (2,549)

1,439 (3,140)

<0.01

   Median (IQR)

211 (0, 822)

432 (0, 1,300)

---

395 (0, 1,368)

678 (0, 2,061)

---

247 (0, 985)

483 (0, 1,565)

---

  All

         

   Mean (SD)

1,354 (3,201)

1,995 (3,315)

<0.01

2,032 (3,421)

2,938 (4,465)

<0.01

1,587 (3,292)

2,319 (3,775)

<0.01

   Median (IQR)

533 (187, 1,455)

993 (430, 2,239)

---

845 (363, 2,174)

1,520 (548, 3,274)

---

641 (221, 1,623)

1,171 (463, 2,563)

---

 ED visits

         

  Accident-related

         

   Mean (SD)

99 (538)

143 (934)

0.16

59 (384)

161 (2,004)

0.39

85 (490)

149 (1,397)

0.16

   Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

  Other possibly related

         

   Mean (SD)

116 (708)

99 (838)

0.57

96 (1,328)

178 (2,021)

0.08

109 (966)

126 (1,365)

0.50

   Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

  All of above

         

   Mean (SD)

173 (768)

180 (976)

0.84

150 (1,377)

207 (2,036)

0.23

165 (1,019)

189 (1,431)

0.40

   Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

  All other

         

   Mean (SD)

105 (547)

122 (554)

0.57

75 (440)

111 (677)

0.42

94 (513)

118 (599)

0.35

   Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

  All

         

   Mean (SD)

278 (924)

302 (1,103)

0.60

225 (1,438)

317 (2,135)

0.15

259 (1,127)

307 (1,537)

0.20

   Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

Hospitalizations

         

 Accident-related

         

  Mean (SD)

357 (3,235)

873 (10,042)

0.24

871 (7,386)

1,660 (17,048)

0.42

534 (5,065)

1,144 (12,885)

0.17

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

 Other possibly related

         

  Mean (SD)

341 (2,898)

778 (9,468)

0.28

1,031 (8,303)

2,025 (17,635)

0.33

578 (5,412)

1,207 (12,880)

0.16

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

 All of above

         

  Mean (SD)

508 (3,650)

1,131 (10,472)

0.17

1,202 (8,516)

2,090 (17,663)

0.39

747 (5,809)

1,461 (13,387)

0.13

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

 All other

         

  Mean (SD)

444 (2,655)

252 (2,255)

0.18

865 (5,774)

396 (2,906)

0.20

589 (4,014)

301 (2,498)

0.07

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

 All

         

  Mean (SD)

953 (4,463)

1,382 (10,685)

0.35

2,067 (10,187)

2,485 (17,854)

0.70

1,336 (6,998)

1,762 (13,585)

0.38

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

All other care

         

 Accident-related

         

  Mean (SD)

80 (542)

78 (712)

0.95

124 (596)

247 (1,654)

0.18

95 (561) 136

(1,131)

0.30

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

 Other possibly related

         

  Mean (SD)

63 (353)

55 (326)

0.65

100 (606)

267 (2,364)

0.23

76 (456)

128 (1,414)

0.29

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

 All of above

         

  Mean (SD)

118 (599)

118 (759)

>0.99

177 (754)

423 (2,772)

0.13

138 (657)

223 (1,743)

0.16

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

 All other

         

  Mean (SD)

154 (540)

253 (1,405)

0.07

381 (1,535)

544 (2,845)

0.32

232 (1,006)

353 (2,023)

0.07

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 61)

0 (0, 63)

---

4 (0, 175)

9 (0, 224)

---

0 (0, 98)

0 (0, 106)

---

 All

         

  Mean (SD)

272 (784)

371 (1,578)

0.13

559 (1,670)

967 (3,913)

0.06

370 (1,174)

576 (2,640)

0.02

  Median (IQR)

16 (0, 191)

22 (0, 164)

---

84 (0, 374)

91 (0, 424)

---

37 (0, 237)

35 (0, 247)

---

Total

         

 Accident-related

         

  Mean (SD)

1,025 (4,833)

1,662 (11,324)

0.20

1,787 (9,131)

2,947 (19,831)

0.26

1,287 (6,638)

2,104 (14,814)

0.09

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

 Other possibly related

         

  Mean (SD)

835 (4,628)

1,381 (10,518)

0.21

1,594 (10,275)

3,174 (21,009)

0.17

1,096 (7,101)

1,998 (14,993)

0.07

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

---

 All of above

         

  Mean (SD)

1,414 (5,387)

2,272 (11,880)

0.09

2,411 (10,709)

3,970 (21,224)

0.16

1,757 (7,656)

2,856 (15,742)

0.03

  Median (IQR)

0 (0, 148)

0 (0, 539)

---

0 (0, 295)

0 (0, 0)

---

0 (0, 217)

0 (0, 397)

---

 All other

         

  Mean (SD)

2,247 (5,378)

3,122 (6,209)

<0.01

3,505 (8,635)

4,664 (7,608)

0.04

2,680 (6,702)

3,653 (6,759)

<0.01

  Median (IQR)

533 (0, 2,122)

1,343 (0, 3,521)

---

943 (0, 3,575)

2,263 (183, 5,746)

---

635 (0, 2,519)

1,528 (0, 4,236)

---

 All

         

  Mean (SD)

3,812 (7,278)

5,806 (13,073)

<0.01

6,211 (13,308)

9,191 (22,540)

0.01

4,637 (9,840)

6,971 (17,002)

<0.01

  Median (IQR)

1,540 (495, 3,723)

2,825 (1,304, 5,767)

---

2,381 (816, 6,017)

4,004 (1,886, 8,409)

---

1,805 (584, 4,590)

3,219 (1,460, 6,654)

---

  1. *All values are healthcare costs ($).
  2. GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder; SD: Standard deviation; ED: Emergency department; IQR: Interquartile range.
Back to article page

BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

Contact us