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Table 2 Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI): association between various independent variables on depression only, PTSD only, and PTSD-depression comorbidity, compared to having neither PTSD nor depression, unadjusted

From: What are the risk factors for the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a war-affected population? a cross-sectional community study in South Sudan

 

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

Depression only

PTSD only

Comorbid

Sex

 Male

1

1

1

 Female

1.021 (0.624-1.670)

1.333 (1.018-1.745) *

1.793 (1.191-2.697) *

Age (years)

 18-25

1

1

1

 26-35

1.224 (0.638-2.350)

1.132 (0.798-1.605)

1.537 (0.879-2.689)

 36-50

1.180 (0.615-2.263)

1.050 (0.739-1.490)

1.671 (0.966-2.891)

 > 50

2.106 (0.882-5.028)

1.358 (0.794-2.324)

1.085 (0.416-2.830)

Marital status

 Single

1

1

1

 Married

1.281 (0.698-2.350)

1.103 (0.803-1.515)

1.586 (0.917-2.744)

 No longer married

1.021 (0.328-3.185)

1.233 (0.710-2.142)

1.519 (0.605-3.816)

 Living in polygamous marriage

1.995 (1.000-4.001) *

1.095 (0.725-1.656)

2.856 (1.557-5.239) *

Education

 Secondary or higher

1

1

1

 Primary

1.732 (0.870-3.449)

1.250 (0.896-1.743)

3.702 (2.140-6.403) *

 Never attended school

2.892 (1.544-5.417) *

1.428 (1.035-1.969) *

2.019 (1.107-3.682) *

Employment

 Paid work

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Self-employment

1.721 (0.906-3.268)

0.981 (0.693-1.387)

1.678 (0.931-3.025)

 Student

0.904 (0.335-2.435)

1.293 (0.824-2.029)

1.116 (0.478-2.609)

 Homemaker

0.815 (0.225-2.957)

0.812 (0.432-1.524)

0.448 (0.100-2.007)

 Retired

0.000

1.000 (0.370-2.702)

2.206 (0.576-8.447)

 Unemployed

2.679 (0.950-7.550)

4.250 (2.490-7.253) *

9.559 (4.607-19.835) *

Regular income

 Yes

1

1

1

 No

1.708 (0.958-3.046)

1.295 (0.963-1.741)

1.573 (0.976-2.534)

Household monthly income in US dollars

 <75

1

1

1

 75-200

0.772 (0.365-1.634)

0.707 (0.486-1.027)

0.470 (0.239-0.925) *

 200 - 350

0.616 (0.180-2.105)

0.957 (0.575-1.595)

0.613 (0.266-1.416)

 > 350

0.000

0.362 (0.135-0.971) *

0.000

Returnee

 No

1

1

1

 Yes

0.905 (0.511-1.603)

2.431 (1.835-3.221) *

2.770 (1.829-4.196) *

Rural/Urban

 Rural

1

1

1

 Urban

0.349 (0.214-.569)*

1.470 (1.049-2.059) *

2.548 (1.363-4.761)*

Socioeconomic disadvantage**

 Mildly/not disadvantaged

1

1

1

 Moderately disadvantaged

2.644 (0.884-7.912)

1.267 (0.923-1.738)

2.016 (1.149-3.535) *

 Severely Disadvantaged

2.194 (1.133-4.249) *

2.242 (1.288-3.903) *

9.770 (4.880-13.561) *

Number of traumatic events during the war

 <8 events

1

1

1

 ≥ 8 events

1.232 (0.664-2.283)

3.789 (2.799-5.129) *

4.173 (2.720-6.402)*

Number of traumatic events after the war

 <4 events

1

1

1

 ≥ 4 events

1.004 (0.347-2.908)

4.357 (2.819-6.733) *

1.942 (0.995-3.947)

  1. *p <0.05.
  2. ** The combined variable: the combination of having no regular income, having low monthly income, being unemployed, being widowed/divorced/polygamous, and having no formal education.