Table 1 The summary of the results
From: Hikikomori as a possible clinical term in psychiatry: a questionnaire survey
Medical doctor (n=106) | Nurse (n=595) | Psychologist (n=46) | Student (n=229) | Others (n=62) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(psychiatrist / pediatrician) (n=80 / n=26) | |||||
To be diagnosed as hikikomori, how long do they withdraw from the society and keep staying in their home? | 6.32±3.7 (6.85±3.9 / 4.69±2.3) | 3.83±3.8 | 5.67±4.1 | 2.95±3.4 | 3.82±2.5 |
Hikikomori is NOT a disorder | 2.70±1.1 (2.74±1.0 / 2.58±1.3) | 2.61±1.1 | 2.80±1.0 | 2.86±1.1 | 2.81±1.2 |
Hikikomori persons shut themselves in their room the while day and rarely see their family | 3.22±1.2 (3.20±1.2 / 3.27±1.2) | 3.73±1.2 | 3.11±1.2 | 3.74±1.2 | 3.35±1.2 |
Hikikomori individuals sometimes go out for grocery stores and bookstores | 3.52±1.1 (3.57±1.1 / 3.42±1.1) | 2.91±1.3 | 3.61±1.1 | 2.86±1.2 | 3.33±1.2 |
School refusal closely relates to hikikomori | 4.12±0.9 (4.11±0.9 / 4.15±1.0) | 3.99±1.0 | 3.89±0.9 | 3.90±1.1 | 3.95±1.0 |
Recovery is possible in individuals with hikikomori | 3.78±0.8 (3.67±0.8 / 4.04±0.7) | 4.00±0.9 | 4.13±0.8 | 4.26±0.8 | 4.08±0.9 |
Hikikomori is related to biological factors such as psychiatric disorders or developmental disorders | 3.87±0.9 (3.86±0.8 / 3.85±1.1) | 3.30±1.0 | 3.70±0.8 | 3.17±1.0 | 3.48±0.9 |
Hikikomori is related to psychological factors such as bullying at school or frustration at workplace | 3.99±0.8 (3.91±0.7 / 4.23±0.9) | 4.24±0.7 | 4.02±0.6 | 4.39±0.7 | 4.16±0.6 |
Hikikomori is related to social factors such as family environment which accepts the situation | 4.02±0.7 (3.96±0.7 / 4.19±0.7) | 4.03±0.8 | 3.85±0.7 | 4.16±0.8 | 3.87±0.7 |
Hikikomori is related to Japanese society, culture or national characteristics | 3.61±1.0 (3.65±0.9 / 3.50±1.2) | 3.16±1.1 | 3.30±0.9 | 3.40±1.0 | 3.18±1.0 |