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Table 2 Factors associated with remission at 5-year follow-up

From: Insight, psychopathology, explanatory models and outcome of schizophrenia in India: a prospective 5-year cohort study

Characteristic

Outcome status

Bivariate statistics

In remission No. (%)

Not in remission No. (%)

Odds ratio

95% Confidence interval

Sex- male

38 (58.5)

11 (36.7)

2.43*

1.00- 5.93

Residence- urban

17 (26.2)

1 (3.3)

10.27**

1.30-81.30

No. of meals/day – 2 or less

22 (33.8)

4 (13.3)

3.33*

1.03-10.73

Duration of untreated psychosis >48 weeks1

27 (41.5)

19 (63.3)

0.41*

0.17-1.003

Fluctuating nature of initial illness

54 (83.1)

17 (56.7)

3.75**

1.42-9.91

Explanatory model- evil spirit

8 (12.3)

10 (33.3)

0.28*

0.10-0.81

SAI-E score >31

41 (64.1)

13 (43.3)

2.33

0.96-5.65

6-month data

SAI-E score >71

33 (60.0)

7 (28.0)

3.86**

1.38-10.76

GAF score > 561

33 (60.0)

7 (28.0)

3.86**

1.38-10.76

12-month data

SAI-E score >141

37 (61.7)

11 (37.9)

2.63*

1.06-6.56

BPRS score > 291

26(43.3)

24 (82.8)

0.16***

0.05-0.47

GAF score > 641

36 (60.0)

8 (27.6)

3.94**

1.50-10.33

Belief in disease model as causal for illness- present

30 (46.2)

5 (16.7)

4.29**

1.46-12.58

60-month data

SAI-E score >331

48 (73.8)

4 (13.3)

18.35***

5.59-60.28

BPRS score > 271

1(1.5)

48 (73.8)

0.01***

0.002-0.097

WHODAS II score >81

21 (32.3)

29(96.7)

0.017***

0.002-0.129

Belief in disease model as causal for illness- present

49 (75.4)

3 (10.0)

27.56***

7.37-103.1

Belief in evil spirits as causal for illness- present

1 (1.5)

4 (13.3)

0.10*

0.01-0.95

Belief in black magic as causal for illness- present

6 (9.2)

15 (50.0)

0.10***

0.03-0.31

At least one non-medical explanatory model

59 (90.8)

14 (46.7)

11.24***

3.72-33.91

Belief in disease model plus at least one non-medical model

48 (73.8)

3 (10.0)

25.41***

6.82-94.64

Preferred causal explanatory model - disease model

50 (76.9)

2 (6.7)

46.67***

9.94-219.04

Preferred causal explanatory model – non-medical model

15(23.1)

28 (93.3)

0.02***

0.005-0.10

  1. Median used to dichotomize continuous variables; BPRS- Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; SAI-E- Schedule for Assessment of Insight-Expanded; PANSS- Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; OR- Odds Ratio; 95%CI- 95% Confidence Interval for Odds Ratio; * = p-value <0.05; ** = p-value <0.01; *** = p-value <0.001
  2. The following variables were not statistically significantly related to outcome:
  3. (i) at baseline- age, years of schooling, literacy, marital status, unemployment, unable to buy food, debt, requires carer, precipitating stress, visit to traditional healer, family history of mental illness, explanatory models related to disease, karma, punishment by God, black magic, involuntary admission status, BPRS scores, GAF score, at least one non- medical explanatory model held, 2 or more explanatory model held, disease model plus at least 1 non-medical model.
  4. (ii) 6-months follow up data- BPRS scores, explanatory models related to disease, karma, punishment by God, black magic, evil spirit, at least one non- medical explanatory model held, 2 or more explanatory model held, disease model plus at least 1 non-medical model.
  5. (iii) 12-month follow up data- explanatory models related to karma, punishment by God, black magic, at least one non- medical explanatory model held, 2 or more explanatory model held, disease model plus at least 1 non-medical model.
  6. (iv) 60-months follow up data- karma, punishment by God, 2 or more explanatory model held.
  7. (v) Over 5-year course- no. of hospital visits, no. of missed appointments, regularity of follow up.