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Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression predicting depression symptoms (PHO-9 score ≥ 10 and WHO-5 score ≤ 28) by demographic characteristics, metabolic risk factors and diabetes complications

From: Prevalence of co-morbid depression in out-patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh

Variables

PHQ-9

WHO-5

 

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Current Age (r = lowest value, 41 years)

1.5 (1.0-1.8) c

1.6 (1.1-2.0) c

Female (r = male)

2.8 (2.0-4.8) b

2.3 (1.8-3.7) b

Schooling in year (r = 0)

0.9 (0.6-2.8)

0.8 (0.4-2.5)

Monthly income > 6000 Taka (r = ≤ 6000 Taka) a

0.5 (0.3-1.0) b

0.6 (0.4-1.2) b

Urban resident (r = rural)

1.3 (0.7-3.8)

1.2 (0.6-3.5)

Treatment intensity

  

Insulin (r = oral medication + diet)

1.2 (0.8-2.6)

1.2 (0.7-3.4)

Insulin + oral medication (r = oral medication + diet)

1.6 (1.0-2.8) c

1.5 (1.0-3.1) c

Number of medication (r = lowest number, 3 medicines)

1.1 (0.8-3.2)

1.2 (0.8-3.8)

Co-morbidity

  

Cardiovascular Disease (r = no co-morbidity)

1.6 (1.1-2.3) b

1.8 (1.3-3.3) b

Hypertension (r = no co-morbidity)

1.1 (0.5-3.8)

1.1 (0.4-3.5)

Kidney/eye problem/nephropathy (r = no co-morbidity)

1.0 (0.5-3.4)

1.0 (0.6-3.5)

Number of co-morbidity (r = 0)

1.8 (1.2-3.3) b

2.1 (1.3-3.7) b

BMI (r = lowest value, 21.3 g/cm2)

0.9 (0.3-1.9)

0.8 (0.2-2.1)

FBS level (r = lowest value, 97.3 mg/dl)

1.6 (1.0-2.8) c

1.5 (1.0-2.9) c

HbA1c level (r = lowest value, 40 mmol/mol)

2.0 (1.4-3.3) b

2.1 (1.3-3.7) b

  1. aOne US$ = 84 Bangladeshi Taka.
  2. bP value <0.01.
  3. cP value <0.05.
  4. The prevalence of depression used as dependent variable in the logistic regression analysis was derived from the standard assisted data collection or the audio data collection.