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Table 1 Description of Measures

From: Sustained favorable long-term outcome in the treatment of schizophrenia: a 3-year prospective observational study

MEASURE

SOURCE

DESCRIPTION

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICS

Family history

Screening interview

History of emotional or psychiatric illness for any of the following family members: parent, sibling, child, grandparent, aunt, uncle, cousin, or distant relative

Supervised housing

SCAP-HQ

Includes in house/apartment where mental health professionals visit, in program with mental health professionals there most of the time, in a hospital or nursing home, or in jail or prison

DISEASE-RELATED AND SYMPTOMS

Depression

SCAP-HQ

Bothered much by feeling low in energy or slowed down, feeling unhappy, sad, or blue, feeling hopeless about the future, or feeling like a good or worthless person in the past 4 weeks

MADRS total

MADRS

Combines apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, reduced sleep, reduced appetite, concentration difficulties, lassitude, inability to feel, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts

Remission

PANSS

A mild, minimal, or absent response to the lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, conceptual disorganization, delusions (general), unusual thought content, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, hallucinatory behavior, blunted affect, and stereotyped thinking items of the PANSS

PANSS anxiety/depression (Marder)*

PANSS

Combines the disorientation, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of judgment and insight, and hostility items of the scale

PANSS disorganized (Marder)*

PANSS

Combines the poor rapport, somatic concern, excitement, tension, mannerisms and posturing, uncooperativeness, and disturbance of volition items of the scale

PANSS hostility (Marder)*

PANSS

Combines the anxiety, suspiciousness, emotional withdrawal, and poor attention items of the scale

PANSS negative (Marder)*

PANSS

Combines the passive/apathetic social withdrawal, active social avoidance, poor impulse control, hallucinatory behavior, depression, blunted affect, and preoccupation items of the scale

PANSS positive (Marder)*

PANSS

Combines the lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, conceptual disorganization, delusions, unusual thought content, guilt feelings, grandiosity, stereotyped thinking, and motor retardation items of the scale

PANSS Bell factor

PANSS

Combines the conceptual disorganization, difficult in abstract thinking, lack of judgment and insight, stereotyped thinking, and poor attention items of the scale

Psychosis

SCAP-HQ

Bothered much by feeling that others are spying against you or plotting against you, hearing voices that other people do not hear, feeling like someone is controlling your thoughts/movements, feeling that you are watched or talked about by others, or feeling like other people are aware of your private thoughts in the past 4 weeks

Vitality

SCAP-HQ

Bothered much by feeling low in energy or slowed down in the past 4 weeks

FUNCTIONING/BEHAVIORS

Arrested

SCAP-HQ

Arrested or picked up for any crime in the past 6 months

Daily Activity

SCAP-HQ

Frequency of taking responsibility for your laundry, doing or helping with household chores, preparing at least simple meals, planning or purchasing food and household items, or shopping for personal necessities in the past 4 weeks

Global assessment of functioning

GAF

Global assessment of patient functioning rating considering psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health illness

Health status

SCAP-HQ

Overall impression of general health (poor, fair, good, very good, or excellent)

Helped by anyone

SCAP-HQ

Received help with household chores, shopping, paying bills, finding a job, getting benefits (i.e., SSI, VA, food stamps, other), talking with lawyers, police, fire, or court officials, or leisure or social activities in the past 4 weeks

Leisure activity

SCAP-HQ

Went shopping, ate at a restaurant or coffee shop, did something fun (e.g., hobby, sports, crafts, etc.), or prepared food for yourself in the past 4 weeks

Mental and physical health (SF-12)

SCAP-HQ

Combines the bodily pain, general health, mental health, physical functioning, role limitations-emotional, role limitations-physical, social functioning, and vitality domains of the SF-12 health survey

Productivity*

SCAP-HQ

Worked at a job for pay, volunteered, attended school, or kept house/took care of children in the past 4 weeks

Social activity

SCAP-HQ

Frequency of doing things with friends, doing something with another person that you planned ahead of time, or spending time with someone more than a friend, boyfriend, girlfriend, or spouse in the past 4 weeks

Social relationships

SCAP-HQ

Frequency of doing things with friends or doing something with another person that you planned ahead of time in the past 4 weeks

Substance abuse

SCAP-HQ

Frequency of having at least a little to drink or using illegal or "street" drugs in the past 4 weeks

Suicide

SCAP-HQ

Thought or talked about hurting or killing yourself or actually attempted to hurt or kill yourself in the past 4 weeks

Victim

SCAP-HQ

Been a victim of a violent crime (e.g., assault, rape, mugging, or robbery) or nonviolent crime (e.g., theft or being cheated) in the past 4 weeks

Violent

SCAP-HQ

Struck or injured someone or threatened to strike or injure someone and meant it in the past 4 weeks

Satisfaction with basic needs

SCAP-HQ

Combines the patient's feeling about the amount of privacy where they live, the way things are in general between them and their family, and the protection they have against being robbed or attacked

Satisfaction with social life

SCAP-HQ

Combines the patient's feeling about the way they spend their time, the amount of fun they have, and the amount of friendships in their life

General life satisfaction

SCAP-HQ

The patient's feeling about their life in general (combining satisfaction with social life and basic needs)

Quality of life scale - item 9*

QLS

Extent of occupational role functioning

Quality of life scale - item 10*

QLS

Level of accomplishment

Quality of life scale total

QLS

Combines intimate relationship with household members, intimate relationships with people other than immediate family or household members, active acquaintances, level of social activity, involved social network, social initiatives, social withdrawal, socio-sexual relations, extent of occupational role functioning, level of accomplishment, degree of underemployment, satisfaction with occupational role functioning, sense of purpose, degree of motivation, curiosity, anhedonia, time utilization, commonplace objects, commonplace activities, capacity for empathy, and capacity for engagement and interaction with interviewer

HEALTHCARE RESOURCE UTILIZATION

Case management

MRAF

Case management (documented in medical record within the past 6 months)

Crisis call

SCAP-HQ

Called a crisis hotline in the past 4 weeks

Emergency service use*

SCAP-HQ

MRAF

Had an unscheduled emergency visit with a psychiatrist or therapist in the past 4 weeks

Emergency room visit (past 6 months)

Individual therapy

MRAF

Received individual therapy (past 6 months)

Number of hospitalizations/total number of days hospitalized (6 months)

MRAF

Used admission and discharge dates reported on the medical record extraction form

Psychiatric hospitalizations (4 weeks)*

SCAP-HQ

Stayed overnight in a hospital for a mental or emotional problem

Psychiatric hospitalizations (1 year)

Screening interview

Been in the hospital for a mental or emotional problem in the last year

MEDICATION ADHERENCE

Medication possession ratio

MRAF

The cumulative number of days the patient had been prescribed any antipsychotic drug divided by the number of days in the assessment period multiplied by 100

Non-adherence

SCAP-HQ

How regularly did the patient take the medication they were given for mental, emotional, or nervous problems in the past 4 weeks

MEDICATION-EMERGENT EVENTS

Level of abnormal involuntary movements

AIMS

Combines facial and oral movements (muscles of facial expression, lips and perioral area, jaw, tongue), extremity movements (upper [arms, wrists, hands, fingers], lower [legs, knees, ankles, toes]), and trunk movements (neck, shoulders, hips)

Clearer thoughts from medication

SCAP-HQ

Current medication for mental, emotional, or nervous problem is making your thoughts clearer

Medication effects

SCAP-HQ

Current medication for mental, emotional, or nervous problem is making your thoughts clearer, making you feel tired and sluggish, interfering with your normal thinking, making you feel restless, or interfering with your normal sexual functioning

Tardive dyskinesia

AIMS

A response of moderate or severe on either facial and oral movements (muscles of facial expression, lips and perioral area, jaw, tongue), extremity movements (upper [arms, wrists, hands, fingers], lower [legs, knees, ankles, toes]), or trunk movements (neck, shoulders, hips) or a response of mild, moderate, or severe on any 2 of the previous items

Psuedo-parkinsonian symptoms

SA

Combines gait, arm dropping, shoulder shaking, elbow rigidity, fixation of position or wrist rigidity, leg pendulousness, glabella tap, tremor, and salivation

Restlessness

SCAP-HQ

Medication for mental, emotional, or nervous problem is making you feel restless

  1. Abbreviations: AIMS = abnormal involuntary movement scale, BDCF = baseline demographic collection form, GAF = global assessment form, MADRS = Montgomery-Åsberg depression rating scale, MRAF = medical record assessment form, PANSS = positive and negative syndrome scale, QLS = quality of life scale, SA = Simpson-Angus scale, SCAP-HQ = schizophrenia care and assessment program-health questionnaire; SF = short form.
  2. * Measures used in the schizophrenia health state definition.
  3. NOTE: The various patient-reported and clinician reported measures in addition to the items obtained from the medical records investigated in this analysis.